LONG TERM CAUSES OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION SOCIAL POLITICAL INTELLECTUAL ECONOMIC ABSOLUTE MONARCHY GROWTH OF INDUSTRY AND THE RISE OF THE MIDDLE CLASS GROWING BURDEN OF FEUDAL DUES INCREASING POVERTY GROWING GOVERNMENT DEBT ATTEMPT TO TAX NOBLES TAX BURDEN ON THE THIRD ESTATE GROWTH OF NEW IDEAS E.G. EVERYONE IS BORN EQUAL THE INFLUENCE OF AMERICA

The First Estate Consisted of Roman Catholic Clergy The Second Estate Consisted of Nobles, 2% of population, owned 20% of the land The Third Estate The Third Estate Included: 1)Bourgeoisie-wealthy merchants & skilled workers 2)City Workers –poorly paid servants 3)Peasants – 80% of the population were farmers They had little rights & paid half of their income in taxes

RESULTS OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION 1.Feudalism was abolished 2.Nobles and clergy lost special privileges 3.Liberty, Equality and Brotherhood 4.Declaration of the Rights of Man – all are equal 5.National Assembly 6.Church cannot levy tax on crops, lost privileges for clergy, church property was confiscated 7.Constitution of 1791 – Constitutional Monarchy

CAUSES OF THE HAITIAN REVOLUTION POLITICAL SOCIAL ECONOMIC INTELLECTUAL FRANCE’S MOST PROFITABLE COLONY EXPORTING SUGAR AND COFFEE DEMAND FOR SLAVES NEEDED FOR $$ TO FRANCE RACIST SOCIETY Whites – Blancs – own property Petit Blancs – merchants Gens de couleur – light & dark skinned blacks – can’t own property or vote Slaves Conflict within each group INFLUENCED BY THE ENLIGHTENMENT IDEAS DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN & THE CITIZEN FR. NATIONAL CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY GIVE GENS DE COULEUR LIBRES RIGHT TO VOTE –WHITES RESIST FRENCH REVOLUTION

RESULTS OF HAITIAN REVOLUTION 1.L’Ouverture – autonomous government – Free from French rule 2.Independent Republic of Haiti 3.Slavery abolished 4.1 st postcolonial sovereign nation in Latin America 5.Won a successful revolution against a European Empire 6.First postcolonial black-led nation in the world

CAUSES OF THE VENEZUELAN REVOLUTION SOCIAL POLITICAL ECONOMIC Peninsulares had most wealth, education & status Creoles resent second-class status Mestizos & Mulattoes denied status, wealth, & power available to whites Enslaved Africans want freedom INTELLECTUAL Spread of Enlightenment ideas Success of American & French Revolutions & Haiti Growth of Nationalism Strong leaders call for independence –Simon Bolivar who studied American system of Government Mercantilism Discontent with Imperial Order - Spain Unequal distribution of wealth among classes

SOCIAL CLASSES IN VENEZUELA PENINSULARES CREOLES MESTIZOS / MULATTOES AFRICAN / NATIVES Born in Spain or Portugal, held highest offices, military and political positions Spaniards born in Latin American colonies, officers in army, not government, controlled much of the land and businesses – resent the peninsulares Majority of society, mixed European & Indian. Worked as servants, farmhands Mulatto-European and African mixed ancestry. Lowest society group and the largest. Not known as citizens but were the laborers

RESULTS OF VENEZULEAN REVOLUTION Venezuela Proclaimed independence & was liberated in Framed Republican Constitution 3.Abolished Indian tribute & special privileges 4.Whites retain their privileges, creoles have greater political & economic power than mestizos 5.Retained black slavery 6.Did not provide full citizenship for mulatto population 7.Venezuela was free from Spanish dominance and mercantilist restrictions

POLITICAL SOCIAL INTELLECTUAL ECONOMIC Higher Population End of Feudalism Agricultural Revolution frees people from the soil Capital for investment Inventions of Scientific Revolution – New Technology Colonial Trade Networks Location of natural resources Culture of hard work Taking risks Mobile society Stable Government Gov. Supported Economic growth Strong Navy to protect its empire Free from consequences of war which countries of Europe were involved in

RESULTS OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 1.Expansion of World Trade 2.Factory System 3.Mass Production of goods - = increased production 4.Industrial capitalism 5.Increased standard of living along with unemployment 6.Development & growth of cities, 7.Population increases 8.Improved status for women 9.Rise of nationalism and imperialism 10.Science and research stimulated 11.Down side-economic insecurity, increased deadliness of war, urban slum, pollution