Last Class! Exam Structure Exam Structure Web sites (a cautionary tale) Web sites (a cautionary tale) Australian Territories (see link on course web page for correction to text) Australian Territories (see link on course web page for correction to text) Pacific Realm Pacific Realm –Maritime boundary issues –Regions Antarctica Antarctica

Final: Monday 25 April C-674 2:00 – 4:00 A. Multiple choice: 2 = 40 B. = 10 JaKoTa, SE Asia, Australasia C. Definitions: 10 = 30 “Define and illustrate with an example” D. Essay: 20 = 20 2 hours: Examination book and Scantron Need pen, pencil, & dictionary if ESL

Final: Monday 25 April C-674 South America to Pacific Textbook, virtual field trips, lectures Multiple choice are mainly regional Definitions are mainly conceptual Essays: Integrative, structured, compelling, creative and original

Pacific Realm Major Geographic Qualities Largest total area of all realms Largest total area of all realms Smallest land area Smallest land area Intensely fragmented & dispersed Intensely fragmented & dispersed High-Island vs Low-Island dichotomy High-Island vs Low-Island dichotomy Politico-Geographical Transition Politico-Geographical Transition

Pacific Realm

Survivor: Set in all Three Regions!

Regional Character 90% of land area in New Guinea – –West Papua (Irian Jaya before 2002 – Indonesian province) – –Papua New Guinea (PNG) Colonized/administered by France, Britain, US, Australia, New Zealand Total Population: 8.5 Million, 60% in PNG Refuelling, Tourism, Minerals, Fishing Political Organization – –Independent States, Colonies, Dependencies, & Administrative Units e.g. U.S Trust Territory or Cook Islands (NZ)

Marine Geography Sub-field of geography concerned with the spatial arrangement of the seas, marine resources and maritime boundaries Sub-field of geography concerned with the spatial arrangement of the seas, marine resources and maritime boundaries Maritime boundaries Maritime boundaries –Formerly cannon shot then 3 nautical mile limit UN Conference on Law of the Sea UN Conference on Law of the Sea –Territorial Sea (12 Mile Limit) - full sovereignty –Exclusive Economic Zone (200 Miles) – control of resources: Oil and gas Oil and gas Fishery Fishery But guarantee of free passage But guarantee of free passage High Seas – beyond 200 miles, no national claim High Seas – beyond 200 miles, no national claim Median Line boundaries Median Line boundaries Continental Shelf (down to 600 feet (100 fathoms) & out to 200 Miles) Continental Shelf (down to 600 feet (100 fathoms) & out to 200 Miles) –Or more depending on bathymetry and geology

Areas shown in blue are potential areas of an extended continental shelf beyond the 200 nautical mile limit (red) EEZ.

Regions of the Pacific Melanesia Melanesia –West Papua, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Fiji Micronesia Micronesia –Largely U.S. Trust Territory s –Palau, Federated States Of Micronesia, Northern Mariana Islands, Republic Of The Marshall Islands, Nauru, Western Kiribati, Guam Polynesia Polynesia –Kiribati, Cook Islands, Hawaii, Samoa, American Samoa, Tuvalu, Tonga, French Polynesia, Marquesas

High-Islands Volcanic origins Volcanic origins High elevations/rugged relief High elevations/rugged relief Well-watered Well-watered Good soils, some agriculture Good soils, some agriculture Tend to have larger populations Tend to have larger populations E.g. New Caledonia, Hawaii E.g. New Caledonia, Hawaii

Low-Islands Majority of realm’s islands Majority of realm’s islands Coral thus little fresh ground water Coral thus little fresh ground water Low elevation/relief Low elevation/relief Vulnerable to Vulnerable to –Drought –Inundation by sea level rise/tsunami Fishing, coconut palm, no minerals Fishing, coconut palm, no minerals Tourism and internet domains Tourism and internet domains

Coral reef formation

PNG 5.2 million 5.2 million Since 1975 Since 1975 Ethnically diverse: Ethnically diverse: –English and Tok Pisin, a creole Subsistence slash and burn agriculture, gathering, hunting pigs Subsistence slash and burn agriculture, gathering, hunting pigs Since 1980s: oil, gold, copper Since 1980s: oil, gold, copper Bougainville in Solomans attempted secession in 1990s Bougainville in Solomans attempted secession in 1990s

Antarctica Ice dome – 3.2 kms thick at pole Ice dome – 3.2 kms thick at pole 5.5 million square miles 5.5 million square miles –(compare North America 7.7 million) Roald Amundsen, 1911 Roald Amundsen, 1911 Ross Ice Shelf Ross Ice Shelf Multiple Claims Multiple Claims The Antarctic Treaty, 1961 The Antarctic Treaty, 1961 –Promotes scientific collaboration –Prohibits military activity –Territorial claims are held in abeyance

It’s been a great trip… Thank-you!