Circular Motion Newton’s Second Law and circular motion Serway and Jewett 6.1, 6.2 Physics 1D03 - Lecture 10

Review: Circular Motion Kinematics has components center tangential component, radial component, Physics 1D03 - Lecture 10

Particle dynamics : nothing new There is no “centrifugal force” has a radial component as well as (perhaps) a tangential component Centrifugal Force Centrifugal force is a fictitious force – it is the result of you being in a non-inertial (accelerating) frame (see Sect 7.5). Physics 1D03 - Lecture 10

Example: Pendulum Calculate the tension in the string when the pendulum is at the lowest point in the swing. Given : mass m, length L, and speed at the lowest point. L m Physics 1D03 - Lecture 10

Non-Uniform Circular Motion Suppose a pendulum is moving fast enough that it swings in a complete vertical circle. Assume we know the mass m, length l, and the speeds at each point. How do we calculate the radial and tangential accelerations, and the tension in the string? Note: speed changes in this case because of the gravitational acceleration. l 2 3 m 1 Physics 1D03 - Lecture 10

Concept Quiz 978 N less than 978 N greater than 978 N The earth is not exactly spherical, so the gravitational field g depends on latitude. The rotation of the earth also affects the measurement of “weight.” A physicist owns a bathroom scale which reads in newtons. He travels to the North Pole, where the scale reads 978 N when he stands on it. If the earth were to spin twice as fast, what would the bathroom scale read at the pole? rotation 978 N less than 978 N greater than 978 N Physics 1D03 - Lecture 10

Concept Quiz equal to 978 N less than 978 N greater than 978 N The earth is not exactly spherical, so the gravitational field g depends on latitude. The rotation of the earth also affects the measurement of “weight.” The same physicist travels with his bathroom scale to the equator, where the scale reads 978 N when he stands on it. The gravitational force on him at the equator is: rotation equal to 978 N less than 978 N greater than 978 N Physics 1D03 - Lecture 10

Example : How fast can the car go without sliding? If the road is icy (no friction) the car travels in a straight line. Friction of the road on the tires provides the force needed to keep the car traveling in a circle. r Physics 1D03 - Lecture 10

Designing a Road Roads are “banked” – tilted from side to side on curves – to allow cars to travel at higher speeds without sliding off. Q: At what speed can the car follow the road with no friction? Q: What does the free-body diagram look like at other speeds? r r Physics 1D03 - Lecture 10

Two forces: N and gravity Example: Calculate the speed at which the car can negotiate the curve without friction. Assume constant speed. Free-body diagram: Two forces: N and gravity is horizontal, since the circular path is horizontal. the horizontal component of N is the “centripetal” force Physics 1D03 - Lecture 10

Solution: N y x mg Physics 1D03 - Lecture 10