Graphics Graphics Korea University cgvr.korea.ac.kr Illumination Model 고려대학교 컴퓨터 그래픽스 연구실

CGVR Graphics Korea University cgvr.korea.ac.kr Illumination How do We Compute Radiance for a Sample Ray? Must derive computer models for...  Emission at light sources  Scattering at surfaces  Reception at the camera WireframeWithout Illumination Direct Illumination

CGVR Graphics Korea University cgvr.korea.ac.kr Overview Direct Illumination Emission at light sources Scattering at surfaces Global Illumination Shadows Refractions Inter-object reflections Direct Illumination

CGVR Graphics Korea University cgvr.korea.ac.kr Overview Direct Illumination Emission at light sources Scattering at surfaces Global Illumination Shadows Refractions Inter-object reflections Direct Illumination

CGVR Graphics Korea University cgvr.korea.ac.kr Modeling Light Source I L (x,y,z,  ) Describes the intensity of energy, Leaving a light source Arriving at location(x,y,z) From direction (  ) With wavelength

CGVR Graphics Korea University cgvr.korea.ac.kr Empirical Model Ideally Measure Irradiant Energy for “All” Situations Too much storage Difficult in practice

CGVR Graphics Korea University cgvr.korea.ac.kr Light Source Model Simple Mathematical Models: Point light Directional light Spot light

CGVR Graphics Korea University cgvr.korea.ac.kr Point Light Source Models Omni-Directional Point Source (E.g., Bulb) Intensity (I 0 ) Position (px, py, pz) Factors (k c, k l, k q ) for attenuation with distance (d)

CGVR Graphics Korea University cgvr.korea.ac.kr Directional Light Source Models Point Light Source at Infinity (E.g., Sun) Intensity (I 0 ) Direction (dx,dy,dz) No attenuation with distance

CGVR Graphics Korea University cgvr.korea.ac.kr Spot Light Source Models Point Light Source with Direction (E.g., Luxo) Intensity (I 0 ), Position (px, py, pz) Direction (dx, dy, dz) Attenuation

CGVR Graphics Korea University cgvr.korea.ac.kr Overview Direct Illumination Emission at light sources Scattering at surfaces Global Illumination Shadows Refractions Inter-object reflections Direct Illumination

CGVR Graphics Korea University cgvr.korea.ac.kr Modeling Surface Reflection R s ( ,  ) Describes the amount of incident energy Arriving from direction (  ) Leaving in direction ( ,  ) With wavelength

CGVR Graphics Korea University cgvr.korea.ac.kr Empirical Model Ideally Measure Radiant Energy for “All” Combinations of Incident Angles Too much storage Difficult in practice

CGVR Graphics Korea University cgvr.korea.ac.kr Reflectance Model Simple Analytic Model: Diffuse reflection + Specular reflection + Emission + “Ambient” Based on model proposed by Phong Based on model proposed by Phong

CGVR Graphics Korea University cgvr.korea.ac.kr Reflectance Model Simple Analytic Model: Diffuse reflection + Specular reflection + Emission + “Ambient” Based on model proposed by Phong Based on model proposed by Phong

CGVR Graphics Korea University cgvr.korea.ac.kr Diffuse Reflection Assume Surface Reflects Equally in All Directions Examples: chalk, clay

CGVR Graphics Korea University cgvr.korea.ac.kr Diffuse Reflection How Much Light is Reflected? Depends on angle of incident light dL  dA  cos 

CGVR Graphics Korea University cgvr.korea.ac.kr Diffuse Reflection Lambertian Model Cosine law (dot product)

CGVR Graphics Korea University cgvr.korea.ac.kr Reflectance Model Simple Analytic Model: Diffuse reflection + Specular reflection + Emission + “Ambient” Based on model proposed by Phong Based on model proposed by Phong

CGVR Graphics Korea University cgvr.korea.ac.kr Specular Reflection Reflection is Strongest Near Mirror Angle Examples: mirrors, metals

CGVR Graphics Korea University cgvr.korea.ac.kr Specular Reflection How Much Light is Seen? Depends on angle of incident light and angle to viewer

CGVR Graphics Korea University cgvr.korea.ac.kr Specular Reflection Phong Model {cos(  )} n

CGVR Graphics Korea University cgvr.korea.ac.kr Reflectance Model Simple Analytic Model: Diffuse reflection + Specular reflection + Emission + “Ambient” Based on model proposed by Phong Based on model proposed by Phong

CGVR Graphics Korea University cgvr.korea.ac.kr Emission Represents Light Emitting Directly From Polygon Emission ≠ 0

CGVR Graphics Korea University cgvr.korea.ac.kr Reflectance Model Simple Analytic Model: Diffuse reflection + Specular reflection + Emission + “Ambient” Based on model proposed by Phong Based on model proposed by Phong

CGVR Graphics Korea University cgvr.korea.ac.kr Ambient Term Represents Reflection of All Indirect Illumination This is a total hack (avoids complexity of global illumination)!

CGVR Graphics Korea University cgvr.korea.ac.kr Reflectance Model Simple Analytic Model: Diffuse reflection + Specular reflection + Emission + “Ambient”

CGVR Graphics Korea University cgvr.korea.ac.kr Reflectance Model Simple Analytic Model: Diffuse reflection + Specular reflection + Emission + “Ambient”

CGVR Graphics Korea University cgvr.korea.ac.kr Reflectance Model Sum Diffuse, Specular, Emission, and Ambient

CGVR Graphics Korea University cgvr.korea.ac.kr Surface Illumination Calculation Single Light Source:

CGVR Graphics Korea University cgvr.korea.ac.kr Surface Illumination Calculation Multiple Light Sources:

CGVR Graphics Korea University cgvr.korea.ac.kr Overview Direct Illumination Emission at light sources Scattering at surfaces Global Illumination Shadows Refractions Inter-object reflections Global Illumination

CGVR Graphics Korea University cgvr.korea.ac.kr Global Illumination

CGVR Graphics Korea University cgvr.korea.ac.kr Shadows Shadow Terms Tell Which Light Sources are Blocked Cast ray towards each light source L i S i = 0 if ray is blocked, S i = 1 otherwise Shadow Term

CGVR Graphics Korea University cgvr.korea.ac.kr Ray Casting Trace Primary Rays from Camera Direct illumination from unblocked lights only

CGVR Graphics Korea University cgvr.korea.ac.kr Recursive Ray Tracing Also Trace Secondary Rays from Hit Surfaces Global illumination from mirror reflection and transparency

CGVR Graphics Korea University cgvr.korea.ac.kr Mirror Reflection Trace Secondary Ray in Direction of Mirror Reflection Evaluate radiance along secondary ray and include it into illumination model Radiance for mirror reflection ray

CGVR Graphics Korea University cgvr.korea.ac.kr Transparency Trace Secondary Ray in Direction of Refraction Evaluate radiance along secondary ray and include it into illumination model Radiance for refraction ray

CGVR Graphics Korea University cgvr.korea.ac.kr Transparency Transparency coefficient is fraction transmitted K T = 1 if object is translucent, K T = 0 if object is opaque 0 < K T < 1 if object is semi-translucent Transparency Coefficient

CGVR Graphics Korea University cgvr.korea.ac.kr Refractive Transparency For Thin Surfaces, Can Ignore Change in Direction Assume light travels straight through surface

CGVR Graphics Korea University cgvr.korea.ac.kr Refractive Transparency For Solid Objects, Apply Snell’s Law:  r sin  r  i  sin  i

CGVR Graphics Korea University cgvr.korea.ac.kr Summary Direct Illumination Ray casting Usually use simple analytic approximations for light source emission and surface reflectance Global illumination Recursive ray tracing Incorporate shadows, mirror reflections, and pure refractions

CGVR Graphics Korea University cgvr.korea.ac.kr Illumination Terminology Radiant power [flux] (Φ) Rate at which light energy is transmitted (in Watts). Radiant Intensity (I) Power radiated onto a unit solid angle in direction( in Watt/sr)  e.g.: energy distribution of a light source (inverse square law) Radiance (L) Radiant intensity per unit projected surface area( in Watts/m 2 sr)  e.g.: light carried by a single ray (no inverse square law) Irradianc (E) Incident flux density on a locally planar area (in Watts/m 2 ) Radiosity (B) Exitant flux density from a locally planar area ( in Watts/m 2 )