Echinoderms Developed By Adam F Sprague & Dave Werner MATES Biology (Marine Bio Book – Ch.7) (Biology Book – Ch.40)

5 classes of Echinoderms Sea star or starfish ____________ Brittle stars, basket stars, serpent stars _________________ Sea urchins, heart urchins and sanddollars )_______________Sea urchins, heart urchins and sanddollars ) Holothurians or sea cucumbers ________________________Holothurians or sea cucumbers ________________________ Feather stars and sea lilies ___________________Feather stars and sea lilies

Characteristics of Echinoderms _____________ symmetry body = ________________________, each containing _______________ set of internal organs no ____________________________, but some brittle stars have light sensitive parts on arms Mouth-situated on _____________ & anus on top (except feather stars, sea cucumbers & some urchins).

Characteristics of Echinoderms tentacle-like structures =________ __________________ tube feet - __________________ controlled by vascular system- supplies ________ through canals Water creates _______ effect

Ecology and range of Echinoderms exclusively ________ occur in various habitats from ______________ zone to bottom of deep sea trenches & from _______ to rubble to ________ and in cold and tropical seas.

Behavior of Echinoderms Some _______________ (i.e. sea star), _________________ foragers (i.e. sea cucumbers) or ___________________ feeders (i.e. basket stars) Reproduction carried out by release of ________ & ___________ into water. Most species produce pelagic (_______________) planktonic larvae which feed on plankton

Behavior of Echinoderms can __________________- missing limbs, arms, spines - even intestines (i.e. sea cucumbers). Some brittle stars & sea stars can reproduce ___________ by breaking a ray or arm or by deliberately splitting the body in half. Each half = whole new animal.

Sea stars (starfish) (Asteroidea) Characteristics radial symmetry, several arms (5 or multiplied by 5) radiating from a __________________ _____________________ close together water intake (________________) upper surface is often very ________________. Minute pincer-like structures called ______________________ are present. These structures ensure that the surface of the arms stay free from algae. _________________ is often a lighter color.

Sea stars (starfish) (Asteroidea) Ecology and range or sea stars –The starfish lives _________________ in the coral reef and on sand or rocks

Sea stars (starfish) (Asteroidea) Behavior of sea stars –majority are ______________ - feed on sponges, bryozoans, ascidians & molluscs –___________________ feeders (detritus = organically enriched film that covers rocks) or scavengers. –Some are ______________ feeders, i.e. crown-of-thorns feeds on live coral polyps.

Sea stars (starfish) (Asteroidea) Behavior of sea stars ____________________ (asexual reproduction =________________) In others the body is broken into unequal parts (= ________________) then the missing limbs regenerate

Sea urchin (________________________) Characteristics of sea urchins Radial symmetrical body with external _________________ skeleton and a centrally located jaw (called __________________________) with horny teeth mouth consists of a complex arrangement of ___________ and _____________ surrounding circular opening The ____________ is located on the upper surface. Some sea urchins have a spherical, bulb like _________- (to store fecal material) that protrudes from the anal opening. can be withdrawn into shell.

Sea urchin (Echinoidea) »Ecology and range of sea urchins Rubble and sand. An abundance of sea urchins can be a sign for ____________ water conditions

Sea urchin (Echinoidea) Behavior of sea urchins Locomotion by _________________________ generally _______________________ Most are ________________ -some feed on sponges, bryozonans and ascidians and others on detritus (detritus = organically enriched film that covers rocks). The sexes are _______________ & young are formed indirectly by the fusion of sperm and eggs released into the water.

Sea Cucumbers Holothurians (_____________________________) Characteristics of sea cucumbers –holothurians are _________________ (distinct dorsal and ventral side) –as name suggests, they are __________________ shaped w/ an elongated, muscular, __________________ w/ mouth at one end & anus at the other. _____________________ around mouth (modified ______________-) used in food collecting

Sea Cucumbers Holothurians (Holothuroidea) Ecology and range of sea cucumbers –_____________ ____. Also seen on some sponges in large aggregations.

Sea Cucumbers Holothurians (Holothuroidea) Behavior of sea cucumbers –Most species feed on __________________ coating sandy surfaces –crawl over bottom ingesting sand. The edible particles (organic matter such as plankton, _________________ and bacteria) are extracted when passing through their digestive tract & processed sand is expelled from anus (as _______________ excrements).

Sea Cucumbers Holothurians (Holothuroidea) Behavior of sea cucumbers move by means of _________________ When attacked they _______ a sticky thread like structure which is actually parts of their ________. The so called ______________ threads are toxic (the poison is called holothurin) and can dissuade many potential predators. These structures quickly ________________.

Feather stars (____________________) Characteristics of feather stars »Characteristics of feather stars AKA- _____________. ___________ symmetry The body is _________________, their numerous feathery _____________ project from a central disc arms, called ________________- -coated w/sticky substance to catch food. appendages known as ___________ attached to the underside of the body with which they cling to to sponges or corals. mouth and their anus on _________ side. Ecology and range of feather stars –primarily ____________ but seen in the open during the day with arms rolled up. –Crinoid stalks and blastoid heads are common __________ in certain parts of North America. –Specimen of the Carboniferous crinoid Paradichocrinus planus

Feather stars (Crinoidea) »Behavior of feather stars Feather stars can ___________________ ____________________ but usually they cling to sponges or corals. Feather stars are very abundant in areas exposed to periodic strong ____________, because they feed on _____________ food.

Brittle stars (___________________________) Characteristics of brittle stars »Characteristics of brittle stars –close relatives of ________________ –_______________ symmetry-five ___________________ arms –no _______________ of internal organs, just one set in the central disk –Compared to starfish, brittle stars have a much ____________________ and no _____ – Wastes are eliminated through the mouth on underside

Brittle stars (Ophiuroidea) Ecology and range of brittle stars –very _________ & hide in crevices under corals – Best seen at ____________ time, when they emerge to feed on plankton. Usually at places exposed to strong currents.

Brittle stars (Ophiuroidea) Behavior of brittle stars –Brittle arms= an _____________ mechanism. –_________ regenerate quickly and an entire new organism can regenerate, if the broken arm is attached to a sizeable portion of the ______ –reproduce ______________ by self-division –Brittle stars are the most ____________ and ____________- moving echinoderms