UNIT IV Chapter 12 The History Of Life

UNIT 4: EVOLUTION Chapter 12: The History of Life I. The Fossil Record (12.1) A. Fossils can form in several ways

1. Permineralization- minerals carried by water are deposited around or replace the hard structure Petrified wood

2. Natural casts- form when flowing water removes all of original bones, leaving impression in sediment. Minerals fill in the mold Archaeopteryx

3. Trace fossils- record activity of organism. Include nests, burrows, imprints of leaves, and footprints

4. Amber-preserved fossils- organisms trapped in tree resin that hardens into amber

5. Preserved remains- form when entire organism becomes encased in material such as ice, volcanic ash, or immersed in bogs.

B. Most fossils form in sedimentary rock 1. Most common fossils result from permineralization 2. Best environments for fossilization include wetlands, bogs, rivers, lakebeds, and floodplains

C. Only tiny percentage of living things become fossils

D. Radiometric dating provides an accurate estimate of fossil’s age 1. Relative Dating- estimate of date by comparing placement of fossils in rock layers.

2. Radiometric dating- technique using natural decay rate of unstable isotopes

a. Radiocarbon dating- Isotope of Carbon ( 14 C) used with half-life of 5700 years 1). Organisms consume carbon by eating and breathing. 2). When organism dies, 14 C begins to decay 3) Look at ratio of 14 C to 12 C

b. Determining Earth’s Age 1). Use decay of uranium to determine age (long half-life) 2). Earth’s age about 4.5 billion years

II. The Geologic Time Scale (12.2) A. Index fossils are another tool to determine the age of rock layers.

1. Index fossils- organisms that existed only during specific spans of time over large geographic area 2. Estimate age of rock layers by fossils they contain

B. The geologic time scale organizes Earth’s history 1. geologic time scale- representation of the history of Earth a. Organizes by major changes or events b. Uses evidence from fossil and geologic records

2. Divided into three basic units of time a. Eras- lasts tens to hundreds of millions of years. 1). Separated by periods of mass extinction 2). leads to periods of adaptive radiation of species b. Periods- most common used units. Lasts tens of millions of years c. Epochs-smallest units

III. Origin of Life (12.3) A. Earth was very different billions of years ago 1. Earth was extremely hot first 700 million years

2. Atmosphere formed when cooled (no oxygen at first) 3. When cooled more, water vapor condensed and fell as rain. 4. Organic compounds formed from inorganic materials once water was present

B. Several sets of hypotheses propose how life began on Earth 1. Organic Molecule Hypotheses a. Miller-Urey experiment (1953)- demonstrated that organic compounds could be made by simulating conditions on early Earth

b. Meteorite hypothesis- organic molecules may have arrived on Earth through meteorite or asteroid impacts

2. Early Cell Structure Hypotheses a. Iron-sulfide bubbles hypothesis- biological molecules formed in chimneys of hydrothermal vents

b. Lipid membrane hypothesis- evolution of lipid membranes crucial step for origin of life. 1).Lipid molecules spontaneously form membrane-enclosed spheres. 2). These formed around organic molecules forming cell-like structures

3. RNA as early genetic material a. hypothesis that RNA instead of DNA was original genetic material b. RNA can self-replicate

IV. Early Single-Celled Organisms (12.4) A. Single-celled organisms changed Earth’s surface by depositing minerals

B. Changed atmosphere by giving off oxygen billion years ago photosynthetic life evolved (cyanobacteria) 2. Higher oxygen levels in atmosphere and oceans allowed evolution of aerobic prokaryotes.

C. Eukaryotic cells may have evolved through endosymbiosis 1. Endosymbiosis theory- one organisms lives within body of another, and both benefit from relationship

a. Early mitochondria and chloroplasts were once simple prokaryotic cells taken up by larger prokaryotes 1.5 billion years ago b. Based theory on fact that mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA and ribosomes

D. The evolution of sexual reproduction led to increased diversity 1. First prokaryotes and eukaryotes reproduced asexually

2. Sexual reproduction increases genetic variation which lets a population adapt quickly to new conditions 3. First step in evolution of multicellular life.

V. Radiation of Multicellular Life (12.5) A. One of most important transitions in history of life 1. First appeared during Paleozoic era (544 million years ago)

2. Huge diversity of animal species evolved a. At first all life was found in ocean b. Eventually life moved onto land c. Dead remains of organisms from this era changed into coal and petroleum

3. Paleozoic Era ended with mass extinction

B. Reptiles radiated during the Mesozoic era. 1. Age of reptiles 2. First mammals appeared 3. Era ended with mass extinction caused by meteorite impact

C. Mammals radiated during the Cenozoic era

VI. Primate Evolution (12.6) A. Humans share a common ancestor with other primates 1. Primates- category of mammals with flexible hands and feet, forward looking eyes, and enlarged brains relative to body size.

2. Primate evolution- two main branches a. Prosimians- oldest living primate group

b. Anthropoids- human-like primates 1). includes hominids-all species of human lineage)

2). Bipedal- two legged or upright walking led to evolutionary success

B. There are many fossils of extinct hominids 1. Australopithecus afarensis (3 to 4 millions years ago in Africa)

2. Homo habilis (2.4 to 1.5 million years ago) - “handy man”- used crude stone tools

3. Homo Neanderthalensis (200,000 to 30,000 years ago)

4. Homo sapiens- modern man

C. Modern humans arose about 100,000 years ago 1. Evidence points to origin in Ethiopia 100,000 years ago 2. Human evolution was influenced by culture- tools are key markers in human evolution 3. Increased skull and brain size gave humans a selective advantage Australopithecus afarensis Homo habilisHomo neanderthalensis Homo sapiens

Chapter 12 The History Of Life

What proportion of all species that ever lived has become extinct? a.less than 1 percent b.approximate one-half c.more than 99 percent d.It is impossible to estimate.

What proportion of all species that ever lived has become extinct? a.less than 1 percent b.approximate one-half c.more than 99 percent d.It is impossible to estimate.

Most fossils form in a.peat bogs. b.tar pits. c.sedimentary rock. d.the sap of ancient trees.

Most fossils form in a.peat bogs. b.tar pits. c.sedimentary rock. d.the sap of ancient trees.

The length of time required for half of the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay is its a.half-life. b.relative date. c.radioactive date. d.none of the above

The length of time required for half of the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay is its a.half-life. b.relative date. c.radioactive date. d.none of the above

How would you date a sample of rock that you suspect as being one of the earliest on Earth? a.Use a radioactive isotope with a short half-life. b.Use a radioactive isotope with a long half-life. c.Use an index fossil. d.It is impossible to date very early rocks.

How would you date a sample of rock that you suspect as being one of the earliest on Earth? a.Use a radioactive isotope with a short half-life. b.Use a radioactive isotope with a long half- life. c.Use an index fossil. d.It is impossible to date very early rocks.

The levels of division of the geologic time scale, from smallest to largest are a.eras, periods, and epochs. b.epochs, periods, and eras. c.periods, eras, and epochs. d.periods, epochs, and eras.

The levels of division of the geologic time scale, from smallest to largest are a.eras, periods, and epochs. b.epochs, periods, and eras. c.periods, eras, and epochs. d.periods, epochs, and eras.

The Mesozoic is often called the Age of a.Invertebrates. b.Vertebrates. c.Dinosaurs. d.Mammals.

The Mesozoic is often called the Age of a.Invertebrates. b.Vertebrates. c.Dinosaurs. d.Mammals.

Earth's most recent era is the a.Paleozoic. b.Mesozoic. c.Cenozoic. d.Precambrian.

Earth's most recent era is the a.Paleozoic. b.Mesozoic. c.Cenozoic. d.Precambrian.

Why did oceans not exist on Earth nearly 4 billion years ago? a.No water was present. b.Water remained a gas because Earth was very hot. c.Water existed as ice because Earth was very cold. d.none of the above

Why did oceans not exist on Earth nearly 4 billion years ago? a.No water was present. b.Water remained a gas because Earth was very hot. c.Water existed as ice because Earth was very cold. d.none of the above

Miller and Urey's experiments attempted to simulate the conditions a.of Earth's early seas. b.of Earth's early atmosphere. c.of Earth before liquid water existed. d.deep inside Earth.

Miller and Urey's experiments attempted to simulate the conditions a.of Earth's early seas. b.of Earth's early atmosphere. c.of Earth before liquid water existed. d.deep inside Earth.

A necessary condition for the evolution of life on Earth was a.the existence of DNA. b.free oxygen. c.the formation of the ozone layer. d.liquid water.

A necessary condition for the evolution of life on Earth was a.the existence of DNA. b.free oxygen. c.the formation of the ozone layer. d.liquid water.

What do proteinoid microspheres have in common with cells? a.They can store and release energy. b.They contain DNA. c.They contain RNA. d.They are communities of organisms.

What do proteinoid microspheres have in common with cells? a.They can store and release energy. b.They contain DNA. c.They contain RNA. d.They are communities of organisms.

The endosymbiont theory proposes that eukaryotic cells arose from a.single prokaryotic cells. b.multicellular prokaryotes. c.communities of prokaryotes inside a larger cell. d.communities of eukaryotes inside a larger cell.

The endosymbiont theory proposes that eukaryotic cells arose from a.single prokaryotic cells. b.multicellular prokaryotes. c.communities of prokaryotes inside a larger cell. d.communities of eukaryotes inside a larger cell.

What was the response of various groups of early organisms when oxygen levels rose in the atmosphere? a.extinction b.a move into airless habitats c.the evolution of metabolic pathways that used oxygen for respiration d.all of the above

What was the response of various groups of early organisms when oxygen levels rose in the atmosphere? a.extinction b.a move into airless habitats c.the evolution of metabolic pathways that used oxygen for respiration d.all of the above

The first organisms were a.prokaryotes. b.eukaryotes. c.proteinoid microspheres. d.microfossils

The first organisms were a.prokaryotes. b.eukaryotes. c.proteinoid microspheres. d.microfossils

A very large mass extinction occurred at the end of the a.Precambrian. b.Cambrian Period. c.Paleozoic Era d.Quaternary Period.

A very large mass extinction occurred at the end of the a.Precambrian. b.Cambrian Period. c.Paleozoic Era d.Quaternary Period.

The process by which two species evolve in response to each other, for example, a flower having a structure compatible with the body structure of its pollinator, is an example of a.convergent evolution. b.adaptive radiation. c.coevolution. d.punctuated equilibrium.

The process by which two species evolve in response to each other, for example, a flower having a structure compatible with the body structure of its pollinator, is an example of a.convergent evolution. b.adaptive radiation. c.coevolution. d.punctuated equilibrium.

A mass extinction would encourage the rapid evolution of surviving species a.by changing developmental genes. b.by opening ecological niches. c.because it killed all organisms that had coevolved. d.because it spared all organisms that had evolved convergently.

A mass extinction would encourage the rapid evolution of surviving species a.by changing developmental genes. b.by opening ecological niches. c.because it killed all organisms that had coevolved. d.because it spared all organisms that had evolved convergently.

A single species that has evolved into several different forms that live in different ways has undergone a.adaptive radiation. b.coevolution. c.punctuated equilibrium. d.mass extinction.

A single species that has evolved into several different forms that live in different ways has undergone a.adaptive radiation. b.coevolution. c.punctuated equilibrium. d.mass extinction.

Two patterns of macroevolution that involve very rapid response to environmental pressures are a.convergent evolution and changes in developmental genes. b.coevolution and convergent evolution. c.adaptive radiation and changes in developmental genes. d.punctuated equilibrium and mass extinction.

Two patterns of macroevolution that involve very rapid response to environmental pressures are a.convergent evolution and changes in developmental genes. b.coevolution and convergent evolution. c.adaptive radiation and changes in developmental genes. d.punctuated equilibrium and mass extinction.