Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

Chapter 8: Political Parties The Meaning of Party The Party in the Electorate The Party Organizations: From the Grass Roots to Washington The Party in Government: Promises and Policy Party Eras in American History Third Parties: Their Impact on American Politics Understanding Political Parties Summary

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Chapter Outline and Learning Objectives The Meaning of Party LO 8.1: Identify the functions that political parties perform in American democracy. The Party in the Electorate LO 8.2: Determine the significance of party identification in America today.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Chapter Outline and Learning Objectives The Party Organizations: From the Grass Roots to Washington The Party Organizations: From the Grass Roots to Washington LO 8.3: Describe how political parties are organized in the United States. The Party in Government: Promises and Policy The Party in Government: Promises and Policy LO 8.4: Evaluate how well political parties generally do in carrying out their promises.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Chapter Outline and Learning Objectives Party Eras in American History LO 8.5: Differentiate the various party eras in American history. Third Parties: Their Impact on American Politics Third Parties: Their Impact on American Politics LO 8.6: Assess both the impact of third parties on American politics and their limitations.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Chapter Outline and Learning Objectives Understanding Political Parties LO 8.7: Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of responsible party government.

The Meaning of Party LO 8.1: Identify the functions that political parties perform in American democracy. Tasks of the Parties Parties, Voters, and Policy: The Downs Model To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

The Meaning of Party Political Party A “team of men [and women] seeking to control the governing apparatus by gaining office in a duly constituted election.” 3 parts of a political party Party in the electorate Party as an organization Party in government LO 8.1 To Learning Objectives

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman The Meaning of Party Tasks of the Parties Pick Candidates Run Campaigns Give Cues to Voters Articulate Policies Coordinate Policymaking LO 8.1 To Learning Objectives

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman The Meaning of Party Parties, Voters, and Policy: The Downs Model Rational-choice theory – People act in their own best interest, weighing the costs and benefits of possible alternatives. Downs Model – (1) Voters want policies they favor adopted by government, and (2) parties want to win elected office. LO 8.1 To Learning Objectives

LO 8.1 To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

The Party in the Electorate LO 8.2: Determine the significance of party identification in America today. Party Image The voter’s perception of what the Republicans or Democrats stand for, such as conservatism or liberalism. Party Identification A citizen’s self-proclaimed preference for one party or the other. To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

LO 8.2 To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

LO 8.2 To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

The Party in the Electorate Ticket Splitting Voting with one party for one office and with another party for other offices. It has become the norm in American voting behavior. LO 8.2 To Learning Objectives

The Party Organizations: From the Grass Roots to Washington LO 8.3: Describe how political parties are organized in the United States. Local Parties The 50 State Party Systems The National Party Organizations To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

The Party Organizations: From the Grass Roots to Washington Local Parties Party Machines – Political party organization that relies heavily on material inducements to win votes and to govern. Patronage – A job, promotion or contract given for political reasons rather than merit; used by party machines. LO 8.3 To Learning Objectives

LO 8.3 To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

The Party Organizations: From the Grass Roots to Washington The 50 State Party Systems Closed primaries – People who have registered with the party can vote for party’s candidates. Open primaries – Voters decide on Election Day to vote in the Democrat or Republican primary. Blanket primaries – A list of candidates from all parties. LO 8.3 To Learning Objectives

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman The Party Organizations: From the Grass Roots to Washington National Party Organizations National Convention – Meeting of party delegates every four years to choose a presidential ticket and the party’s platform. National Committee – Keep party operating between conventions. National Chairperson – Day-to-day activities of the party. LO 8.3 To Learning Objectives

The Party in Government: Promises and Policy LO 8.4: Evaluate how well political parties generally do in carrying out their promises. Party in Government Elected officials who call themselves members of the party. Coalition Individuals and groups that support the political party. Promises and Policies Parties translate their platform promises into public policy. To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

LO 8.4 To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

Party Eras in American History LO 8.5: Differentiate the various party eras in American history. 1796–1824: The First Party System 1828–1856: Jackson and the Democrats Versus the Whigs 1860–1928: The Two Republican Eras 1932–1964: The New Deal Coalition 1968–Present: Southern Realignment and the Era of Divided Party Government To Learning Objectives

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Party Eras in American History Party Eras Periods in which a majority of votes cling to party in power. Critical Election Electoral “earthquake” where new issues and new coalitions emerge Party Realignment Displacement of majority party by the minority party, usually during a critical election. LO 8.5 To Learning Objectives

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Party Eras in American History 1796–1824: The First Party System Federalist Party was the first political party and capitalists supported the Federalists. Democratic-Republican Party derived its coalition from agrarian interests and dominated the era after the 1800 election. LO 8.5 To Learning Objectives

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Party Eras in American History 1828–1856: Jackson and the Democrats Versus the Whigs Democrats coalition included Westerners, Southerners, new immigrants, and settled America. Whigs coalition included Northern industrialists and Southern planters. Democrats dominated this era. LO 8.5 To Learning Objectives

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Party Eras in American History 1860–1928: The Two Republican Eras The main issue of the election of 1860 was slavery. The main issue of the election of 1896 was the economy. Republicans dominated both party eras by forming new coalitions and winning both elections. LO 8.5 To Learning Objectives

LO 8.5 To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

Party Eras in American History 1932–1964: New Deal Coalition A coalition forged by the Democrats, who dominated American politics from the 1930s to the 1960s. Its basic elements were the urban working class, ethnic groups, Catholics and Jews, the poor, Southerners, African Americans, and intellectuals. LO 8.5 To Learning Objectives

LO 8.5 To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

Party Eras in American History 1968–Present: Southern Realignment and the Era of Divided Party Government 1987 Southern delegates – 77 of 116 House seats, and 6 of 22 Senate seats were from GOP Southern delegates – 70 of 131 House seats, and 15 of 22 Senate seats were from GOP. LO 8.5 To Learning Objectives

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Party Eras in American History 1968–Present: Southern Realignment and the Era of Divided Party Government Divided government – When one party controls the White House and the other party controls one or both houses of Congress. Both houses of Congress and the presidency have been controlled by the same party for just 14 of the 44 years from 1969 to LO 8.5 To Learning Objectives

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Party Eras in American History 1968–Present: Southern Realignment and the Era of Divided Party Government Party dealignment – The gradual disengagement of people from the parties, as seen in part by shrinking party identification. LO 8.5 To Learning Objectives

Third Parties: Their Impact on American Politics LO 8.6: Assess both the impact of third parties on American politics and their limitations. Third Parties Electoral contenders other than the two major parties. Three Basic Varieties Promote certain causes. Splinter parties Extension of popular individual with presidential aspirations. To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

LO 8.6 To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

Third Parties: Their Impact on American Politics Third Parties Are Important Bring new groups into the electorate. Serve as “safety valves” for popular discontent. Put many social reforms on the political agenda. Bring new issues to the campaign ignored by the major parties. LO 8.6 To Learning Objectives

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Third Parties: Their Impact on American Politics Two-Party Governance Moderation of political conflict. Contributes to political ambiguity. LO 8.6 To Learning Objectives

Understanding Political Parties LO 8.7: Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of responsible party government. Democracy and Responsible Party Government: How Should We Govern? American Political Parties and the Scope of Government To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

Understanding Political Parties Democracy and Responsible Party Government: How Should We Govern? Responsible party model – A view about how parties should work. Party should offer clear choices to the voters, who can then use those choices as cues to their own preferences of candidates. Party in government should carry out their campaign promises. LO 8.7 To Learning Objectives

LO 8.7 To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

Understanding Political Parties Democracy and Responsible Party Government: How Should We Govern? (cont.) Blue Dog Democrats – Fiscally conservative Democrats who are mostly from the South and rural parts of the United States, and are resistant to any domestic policy proposals that would enlarge the scope of government. LO 8.7 To Learning Objectives

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Understanding Political Parties American Political Parties and the Scope of Government Lack of uniformity keeps government small, but also makes cutting government programs difficult. Individual politicians focus on getting more from government for their own constituents. LO 8.7 To Learning Objectives

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 8.1 Summary The Meaning of Party Political parties are a key linkage between policymakers and people. They operate in the electorate; as organizations; and in government. Political parties pick candidates, run campaigns, give cues to voters, articulate policies, and coordinate policymaking between the branches of government. To Learning Objectives

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman The core function of a political party is to _____________. A.field candidates for elected office. B.provide a voting cue to the electorate. C.try to win elections. D.organize a national office. E.guide policymakers’ decisions. LO 8.1 To Learning Objectives

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman The core function of a political party is to _____________. A.field candidates for elected office. B.provide a voting cue to the electorate. C.try to win elections. D.organize a national office. E.guide policymakers’ decisions. LO 8.1 To Learning Objectives

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 8.2 Summary The Party in the Electorate Party identification is the most important factor in explaining the political behavior of voters. People who do not identify with a party are political independents, are the crucial swing voters who can go either way, are more likely to split their tickets, and are more likely to be young people. To Learning Objectives

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Party is a citizen’s self- proclaimed preference for one party or the other. A.competition B.image C.identification D.platform LO 8.2 To Learning Objectives

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Party is a citizen’s self- proclaimed preference for one party or the other. A.competition B.image C.identification D.platform LO 8.2 To Learning Objectives

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 8.3 Summary The Party Organizations: From the Grass Roots to Washington Political party organizations are decentralized and fragmented. National party can rarely tell state parties what to do. State party organizations have a good deal of discretion as to how to choose their nominees for state and local offices. To Learning Objectives

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 8.3 Summary The Party Organizations: From the Grass Roots to Washington (cont.) Some states have closed primaries and others have open primaries. National convention is supreme power of party, which nominates the president and vice president candidates and sets party policy. National chairperson guides party activities between conventions. To Learning Objectives

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman The internal organization of political parties in the United States is best characterized as __________. A.hierarchical. B.fragmented. C.centralized. D.rigidly determined. LO 8.3 To Learning Objectives

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman The internal organization of political parties in the United States is best characterized as __________. A.hierarchical. B.fragmented. C.centralized. D.rigidly determined. LO 8.3 To Learning Objectives

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 8.4 Summary The Party in Government: Promises and Policy Political parties affect policy through their platforms. Despite much cynicism about party platforms, they serve as important roadmaps for elected officials once they come into office. More promises are generally kept than broken. To Learning Objectives

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman By and large, American political have kept most of their platform promises and translated them into public policy. A.agendas B.parties C.interest groups D.ideologies LO 8.4 To Learning Objectives

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman By and large, American political have kept most of their platform promises and translated them into public policy. A.agendas B.parties C.interest groups D.ideologies LO 8.4 To Learning Objectives

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 8.5 Summary Party Eras in American History Throughout American history, one party has generally been dominant for a substantial period of time. The first party era, from 1796 to 1824, was dominated by the Democratic-Republicans, whose agricultural base defeated the business- oriented Federalists. To Learning Objectives

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 8.5 Summary Party Eras in American History (cont.) The newly formed Democratic Party dominated from 1828 to 1856 pushing for power for ordinary individuals. The newly formed Republican Party came to power in 1860 and dominated American politics through 1928 by first standing firm against slavery and then successfully promoting the interests of industrialization. To Learning Objectives

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 8.5 Summary Party Eras in American History (cont.) The Great Depression led to a reversal of party fortunes, with the Democrats establishing the New Deal coalition that usually prevailed from 1932 to Since 1968, neither party has been able to hold the reins of power for long, and a frequent result has been divided government. To Learning Objectives

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman A party dealignment is considered to be the _________. A.fragmentation of a political party into splinter parties. B.loss of party members as more people identify as Independents. C.loss of party members to the other party. D.shuffling of party coalitions. LO 8.5 To Learning Objectives

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman A party dealignment is considered to be the _________. A.fragmentation of a political party into splinter parties. B.loss of party members as more people identify as Independents. C.loss of party members to the other party. D.shuffling of party coalitions. LO 8.5 To Learning Objectives

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 8.6 Summary Third Parties: Their Impact on American Politics Third parties in the United States have brought new groups into the electorate and have served as a vehicle for sending a protest message to the two major parties. The American winner-take-all electoral system makes it hard for third parties to win elections. To Learning Objectives

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Third parties in American politics typically __________. A.encourage major party candidates to take extreme positions. B.win elections in American politics. C.promote a broad range of moderate policy ideas. D.bring new groups into politics. E.replace one of the two major parties during realignments. LO 8.6 To Learning Objectives

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Third parties in American politics typically __________. A.encourage major party candidates to take extreme positions. B.win elections in American politics. C.promote a broad range of moderate policy ideas. D.bring new groups into politics. E.replace one of the two major parties during realignments. LO 8.6 To Learning Objectives

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 8.7 Summary Understanding Political Parties Responsible party government is that parties offer clear policy choices which generate clearly identifiable outcomes. That is, at least in theory, parties say what they plan to do and once in office carry out these plans. To Learning Objectives

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 8.7 Summary Understanding Political Parties (cont.) The main disadvantage is that the party discipline necessary for a party to carry out its pledges requires members of the party in government to toe the line without regard to constituency preferences. Individualism in American politics would be stifled by a true responsible government. To Learning Objectives

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman According to the responsible party model, parties should offer _________. A.clear choices to the voters. B.money and national health care to the voters. C.jobs, promotions, and rewards to the voters. D.inducements and contracts to the voters. LO 8.7 To Learning Objectives

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman According to the responsible party model, parties should offer _________. A.clear choices to the voters. B.money and national health care to the voters. C.jobs, promotions, and rewards to the voters. D.inducements and contracts to the voters. LO 8.7 To Learning Objectives

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Text Credits Courtesy of Pew Research Center.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Photo Credits 224: AP Photo 225T: Matt Brewer Hamilton 224TC: Bettmann/Corbis 224TB: Toles 2000, Washington Post. Reprinted with permission of Universal Press Syndicate 224B: Neo Images/PhotoEdit 228: Matt Brewer Hamilton 232: Jean Claude Lejeune 230: Bettmaann/Corbis 234: Toles 2000, Washington Post. Reprinted with permission of Universal Press Syndicate 239: The Granger Collection 243: Neo Images/PhotoEdit 247: Robert Mankoff/The New Yorker Cartoon/