Ethics (presentation adapted from Prof. J. Christman’s and A. Lau’s Workshop on Ethics) Our goal: systematic approach Definition Ethical Frameworks

Definition of Ethics “Positive guidelines we use to shape our behavior, and the systematic study of these guidelines” More than just –being prudent out of self interest –following the letter of the law –abiding by professional codes of conduct

Thinking Ethically Foreseeing and averting problems Becoming ethically aware Developing moral imagination –Maximalist always looking for ethical problems –Minimalist looks only for minimal criteria to signal an ethical problem –Finding the right balance

Ethical Frameworks Consequence-based thinking Duty-based thinking Virtue-based thinking

Consequence-based Jeremy Bentham, John Stuart Mill Utilitarian Do what produces greatest good for the greatest number of people –Monetary costs and benefits –Human welfare –Pleasure or happiness

Consequence-based (cont’d) Limitations: –Difficult to predict consequences –Can end up reducing ethics to economics –Differing views of what makes people happy –Ends do not justify the means if the means are morally unacceptable –Formally, this theory does not pertain to non- human life

Duty-based Emmanuel Kant Categorical imperative (do only that which you would want everyone to do) “What if everyone did this?” (Golden Rule) Duty to obey universal principles –e.g., never lie or steal The right to be treated with respect NO EXCEPTIONS

Duty-based (cont’d) Limitations: –Requires everyone to be a perfect reasoner –Does not allow for situational exceptions –Sometimes, consequences do matter and may override our duty –Formally, this theory does not pertain to non- human life

Virtue-based What would a person of “good moral character” do? Exercise appropriate virtue in every case –e.g. honesty, respect, generosity Must use judgment to determine applicable virtue (as opposed to ethical rules)

Virtue-based Limitations: –Virtues may be defined too loosely to guide decisions in difficult cases –Virtues may be defined in terms of social setting or culture, making morality relativistic –Formally, this theory does not pertain to non- human life

Overarching Rule of Thumb Shorthand Principle that combines all 3 moral frameworks: Can I reasonably justify my actions and their consequences to all affected in a way that is consistent with my integrity and my relations with others? If not, can I live with that?

General Guide to Ethical Thinking Thinking/Acting Ethically use moral imagination gather facts formulate options (creatively) consider consequences -identify optimal option identify relevant duties what virtues apply? how will relations be affected? consult others reflect, choose, revisit decision Am I missing something? Think through ethical frameworks carefully Redo other steps Engage stakeholders -- as appropriate