Integrating Concepts in Biology PowerPoint Slides for Chapter 19: Emergent Properties at the Population Level by A. Malcolm Campbell, Laurie J. Heyer, and Chris Paradise

A flock of starlings Figure UN19.1

The black-lipped lizard, its distribution and distribution of habitats on Sri Lanka Figure 19.1

Sampling and marking of Calotes nigrilabris lizards in the Sri Lanka cloud forest Table 19.1 Sampling periods Average time between samplings # of marked females # of marked males # of marked juveniles 1928 days

Population dynamics of a population of black-lipped lizards in Sri Lanka Figure 19.2

Population demographics of Calotes nigrilabris lizards in the Sri Lanka cloud forest Table 19.2 Sampling periods Density (#/ha + s.d.) Sampling periods % males (+ s.d.) % females (+ s.d.) % juveniles (+ s.d.)

The size of the population at each sampling is estimated by = the estimated population size, n i = the number of lizards caught on the i th sampling (here i can be 2-18 – size cannot be estimated for first or last sampling), and = the estimated proportion of the lizard population caught on day i. Unofficial BME 19.1: using a mark-recapture model to estimate population density

Recognize 4 groups in any mark-recapture population: 1.animals caught on sampling i and caught at least once before and once after (W i ), 2.animals not caught on sampling i and caught at least once before and once after (X i ), 3.animals caught on sampling i and not caught before and/or after (Y i ), and 4.animals not caught on sampling i and not caught before and/or after (Z i ). Model assumes (W i / X i ­) ≈ (Y i / Z i ­). Model assumes (W i / X i ­) ≈ (n i / (N i - ­ n i )) (n i / (N i - ­ n i )) = ratio of # caught and # not caught To estimate :

Unofficial BME 19.1: using a mark-recapture model to estimate population density Rearrange to If (W i / X i ­) = (n i / (N i - ­ n i )), then (X i / W i ­) = ((N i - ­ n i )/n i ). Simplify (X i / W i ­) = ((N i - ­ n i )/n i ) to (X i / W i ­) = ((N i / n i ) – 1) (X i / W i ­) = ((N i / n i ) – 1)  ((X i + W i ­)/ W i ­) = (N i / n i ). Putting together with, & = W i ­ / (X i + W i ­) The proportion of the population caught on day i is estimated by knowing how many animals were caught on sampling i and caught at least once before and once after (W i ), and how many animals were not caught on sampling i and caught at least once before and once after (X i ).

Unofficial BME 19.1: using a mark-recapture model to estimate population density Only caught animals are used to estimate the population size Once is known, plug back in to to estimate

Distribution of Brazilian water hyacinth populations Figure 19.3

Changes in Brazilian water hyacinth subpopulations in northeastern Brazil Figure 19.4

Persistence of Brazilian water hyacinth subpopulations in northeastern Brazil Table subpopulations surveyed for size subpopulations from previous survey subpopulations present subpopulations absent annual probability of persistence total patches surveyed for % occupancy number (and %) of patches occupied 207 (28.8%) 179 (14.4%)

Size distributions and densities of water hyacinth subpopulations in Brazil Figure 19.5

Extinction and colonization rates of small mammals in Chile Table 19.4 species El Cobre creekEl Grillo creek northsouthnorthsouth ECECECEC leaf-eared mouse fat-tailed opossum degu field mouse pygmy rice rat

Relationship between extinction and colonization rates and population density for small mammals in Chile Figure 19.6

Fragmentation of forest hilltops in Chile Figure ELSI 19.1

Age structure of a hypothetical university Figure 19.7

Length vs. age in pumpkinseed sunfish populations Figure 19.8

Demographic statistics for female pumpkinseed sunfish in Canadian lakes Table 19.5 lake mean age at maturity (yrs) mean GBM ratio mean length at maturity (mm) Little Round Warrens Beloporine Black Vance

Estimated number of individuals in each age class Figure 19.9

Adult and juvenile survival probabilities and the survival probability ratio Table 19.6 lake adult survival probability juvenile survival probability A:J ratio Little Round Warrens Beloporine Black Vance

Estimated abundance of pumpkinseed sunfish offspring produced in five Canadian lakes Figure 19.10

Age distributions of human populations in India in and China Figure ELSI 19.2

A sagebrush (Artemisia tridentate) population Figure 19.11

Distances between neighboring sagebrush and effects of distance on communication between neighbors Figure 19.12

Standardized leaf damage on sagebrush in different treatments Figure 19.13

Distribution of # of colonies founded by a particular # of foundresses of two wasps Figure 19.14

Differences in foraging rates and load types in female wasps Table 19.7 Type of female Foraging rate (loads/hr observed) % of each load type in total recorded loads % pulp% water% food Queen (n = 1) Other foundresses (n = 3) Offspring (n = 14)

Dominance hierarchies, behavior, and ovaries in social paper wasps Figure 19.15

Distribution and composition of Polistes fuscatus nests under eaves of a building Figure 19.16

Seasonal changes in composition of Polistes fuscatus individuals emerging from one nest Figure 19.17

Relationship between colony size and number of foundresses for two species of paper wasp Figure 19.18

Paper wasp markings and recognition experiments Figure 19.19

Homing pigeons used in flocking behavior study and flight path of displaced pigeons Figure 19.20

A free flight of a flock of pigeons and the resulting leadership network Figure 19.21

Schematic illustration of experimental setup to study starling flocks Figure 19.22

Members of a starling flock analyzed using 3D visualization techniques Figure 19.23

Schematic representation of orientation of nearest neighbors in a starling flock Figure 19.24

Assessing the topology and distance hypotheses for starling flocks Figure 19.25

Simulations of two flock models being attacked by a hypothetical predator Figure 19.26