Reading quiz – get out a sheet of paper and a writing utensil. In the Davisson Germer experiment, Davisson and Germer shot a beam of electrons at a lattice of Nickel atoms and found that the electrons were only detected at certain angles. Explain the reason for this result and why it was important.

Review of Bohr and deBroglie Background: –Balmer found equation for Hydrogen spectrum but didn’t know what it meant. –Rutherford found that atoms had a nucleus, but didn’t know why electrons didn’t spiral in. Bohr postulates quantized energy levels for no good reason, and predicts Balmer’s equation. deBroglie postulates that electrons are waves, and predicts Bohr’s quantized energy levels. Note: no experimental difference between Bohr model and deBroglie model, but deBroglie is a lot more satisfying.

Thomson – Plum Pudding –Why? Known that negative charges can be removed from atom. –Problem: just a random guess Rutherford – Solar System –Why? Scattering showed hard core. –Problem: electrons should spiral into nucleus in ~ sec. Bohr – fixed energy levels –Why? Explains spectral lines. –Problem: No reason for fixed energy levels deBroglie – electron standing waves –Why? Explains fixed energy levels –Problem: still only works for Hydrogen. Schrodinger – will save the day!! Models of the Atom – – – – – –

deBroglie Waves This is a great story. But is it true? If so, why no observations of electron waves? What would you need to see to believe that this is actually true? Today: Electron interference! Why electron waves are hard to see Designing experiment possible to see with early 1900s tech. How done by Clinton Davisson and Lester Germer Why their technique still used today (LEED) How to interpret.

Reminder- what do we mean by interference? Waves (water, sound, …) interfering. zilch Peaks where add, zilch where cancel (destructive interference) Phet Wave Interference Sim 1 2

Two slit interference with light

Question in 1920s So can we just do same experiment but replace beam of light with beam of electrons to check deBroglie? Let’s work through the design to see what expect to see, what required to do proper experiment. step 1. Go off and play with making beams of electrons. Find can make beams of energies between ~ eV. V step 2. Calculate signal would expect to see from double slit. Typical for light: slits ~0.5 mm apart

Can we just repeat light double slit experiment with electrons? a. yes. (if so, precisely what would experimental results would you expect?) b. no. (if so, precisely why not?) step 1. Go off and play with making beams of electrons. Find can make beams of energies between ~ eV. step 2. Calculate signal would expect to see from double slit. Typical for light: slits ~0.5 mm apart

Double-slit experiment (see textbook) Determining the space between bright regions (H) 0.5 mm =D r1r1 r2r2  H L Screen far away so  1 ~  2 ~  & small angle approx. sin  =    D   r = Dsin(  )=D  H= Lsin(  )=L  H=L  bright  r = r 2 -r 1  r = m (where m=1,2,3…) D  =m

Double-slit experiment Determining the space between bright regions (H) 5 x10 -4 m = D r1r1 r2r2  r = r 2 -r 1  r = m (where m=1,2,3…)  r=m = Dsin(  )=D  =m  H L H= L  m = 1, = 500 nm, so angle to first bright  = λ/D = 500 x /(5 x ) = rad if L = 3m, then H= 3 m x = 3mm. Calculating pattern for light So what will pattern look like with electrons? How figure out?

1. find expected wavelength =h/p, h = 6.6 x J s 2. plug into  = λ/D = (h/p)(1/D), calculate angle (radians) Best to do experiment with a. higher energy electron beam b. lower energy electron beam c. does not make any difference b. lower. Smaller energy  smaller momentum  larger λ means bigger angle, easier to see. Steps to predict pattern for debroglie electron wave. D  =m H= L 

OR λ = hc/(2Emc 2 ) 1/2 λ = λ = = λ = 1/5 nm ~ 1nm Energy E = ½mv 2 = p 2 /2m …so p = (2Em) 1/2 …so λ = h/p = h/(2Em) 1/2 λ = λ = 2.4 x m = 0.24 nm ~ 1nm 1. find expected wavelength =h/p, h = 6.6 x J s 2. plug into  = λ/D = (h/p)(1/D), calculate angle (radians) Steps to predict pattern for debroglie electron wave. For lowest energy electron beam (E = 25eV), how big is electron wavelength? A. λ ~ 1pm ( m)D. λ ~ 1mm (10 -3 m) B. λ ~ 1nm (10 -9 m)E. λ ~ 1m C. λ ~ 1  m (10 -6 m) Compare with visible light: λ ~ nm 6.6x Js (2 * 25eV * 1.6x J/eV * 9.1x kg) 1/ eV nm (2 * 25eV *.511 x 10 6 eV) 1/2 1 x 10 3 nm (25 x 10 6 ) 1/2 1 x 10 3 nm 5 x 10 3

Energy and Momentum for Massive vs. Massless Particles Massive Particles (e.g. electrons) E = ½mv 2 = p 2 /2m = h 2 /2mλ 2 p = (2Em) 1/2 λ = h/p = h/(2Em) 1/2 Massless Particles (e.g. photons) E = pc = hc/λ p = E/c λ = h/p = hc/E Lowest energy e - s E = 25eV p = 2.7x kg m/s v = 3x10 6 m/s = c/ 100 λ = 0.24 nm Typical photons E = 2.5eV p = 1.3x kg m/s v = c = 3x10 8 m/s λ = 500 nm deBroglie relationship is universal

1. find expected wavelength =h/p, h = 6.6 x J s 2. plug into  = λ/D = (h/p)(1/D), calculate angle (radians) lowest energy 25 eV gives λ = 2.4 x m So for slit separation D ~ 0.5mm, expect  to be a. 1, d. >>1.  = λ/D = (2.4 x m)/(5 x m) = 4.9 x radians!!! D Much too small an angle to see! (If L = 3m, then H=L  = 1.5 x m = 150 nm) Big problem, if electron has wavelength deBroglie predicted it is REALLY SMALL ~ 2.4 x m. Why not seen. Steps to predict pattern for debroglie electron wave.

predict pattern for debroglie electron wave =h/p, h = 6.6 x J s,  = λ/D = (h/p)(1/D), = 2.4 x m  = λ/D if D = 5 x m,  = 4.9 x radians Much too small an angle to see! What now? Any way to make angle bigger? a. make D much smaller, b. make electron energy lower, c. make D much bigger, d. a. and b. e. b. and c. ans. a) make D smaller (already said cannot make E smaller, electron beam no good)

designing experiment to see debroglie electron wave =h/p, h = 6.6 x J s,  = λ/D = (h/p)(1/D) = 2.4 x m  = λ/D to make  easy to see, like ~1rad, need D = 0.25 nm Is that a problem? yes, it is about the same size as one atom! Would like to have slits separated by about an atom diameter. Impossible. Making lemonade out of lemons

Brilliant idea: But two slits are just two sources. Hard to get two sources size of atom. Easy to get two objects that scatter electrons that are size of atom!

But two slits are just two sources. hard to get only two atoms next to each other. But multiple that are same separation just work better. Just like reflection diffraction grating. What stuff in nature is made out of things the size of atoms with equal spacing between them?

Davisson and Germer -- VERY clean nickel crystal. Interference is electron scattering off Ni atoms. e e e e e e e e e e e scatter off atoms e det. move detector around, see what angle electrons coming off Ni

e e e e e e e e e det. Ni Observe pattern of scattering electrons off atoms Looks like …. Wave! # e’s scatt. angle  See peak!! so probability of angle where detect electron determined by interference of deBroglie waves!

PhET Sim: Davisson Germer Careful… near field view: D  = m doesn’t work here. For qualitative use only!