Chapter 4 Notes Life in the English Colonies

Essential Question What were some of the early steps toward self-government in the colonies?

ANSWER:

Essential Question Why were Americans divided over the question of independence from England?

ANSWER:

Essential Question: What historical, geographic, social, and economic factors created ties and tensions between England and the colonies?

ANSWER:

Essential Question: In what ways did the British colonies find success?

ANSWER:

Essential Question: What are the similarities and differences in mercantilism and capitalism?

ANSWER: In the late 1600s most countries in Western Europe practiced mercantilism, a program of creating wealth by carefully controlling trade. England profited when it had a favorable balance of trade, or when it sold more products to other countries than it bought from then England therefore wanted to decrease its imports, and increase its exports. As a result, the English concentrated more on importing and exporting to its colonies than to foreign countries.

ANSWER: Capitalism is an economic system in which private businesses own and operate most industries; and competition determines the cost of goods as well as workers’ pay.

Privy Council …was a group of royal advisers in the English colonies who set royal policy.

Parliament …was England’s national lawmaking body.

Bicameral Legislature …is a lawmaking body made up of two houses.

John Peter Zenger …criticized the royal governor of New York in his newspaper and officials accused him of being libel.

Libel … is printing a false statement about a person that damaged his or her reputation.

Dominion of New England …united the New England colonies under one government for James II.

Edmund Andros

Glorious Revolution …occurred when James II was forced to flee England and Mary and William of Orange took the country’s throne without bloodshed.

Pop Quiz What is Parliament? What does libel mean? Who was Edmund Andros? What is a bicameral legislature?

Pop Quiz What was the Glorious Revolution? What was the Dominion of New England? What was the Privy Council? Who was John Peter Zenger?

Mini Question In what ways did colonists exercise control in their local governments and courts? Each colony had a governor, Representatives in an assembly, and Colonial courts.

Why did James II establish the Dominion of New England, and how did the colonist react to this new government? He wanted greater control over the colonies. It upset the colonists.

How did the Glorious Revolution influence the colonies? Colonists removed the royal governor of the Dominion and re-established their own assemblies.

Mercantilism …was a program of creating wealth by carefully controlling trade by most countries in western Europe between themselves and their colonies.

Balance of trade …is the stable relationship between a country’s imports and exports.

Imports …are items purchased from other countries.

Exports …are items sold to other countries.

Navigation Acts …were laws passed by Parliament which required the colonies to trade mostly with England.

Duties … are taxes on imports.

Triangular Trade …was the trade between the North American colonies, Africa, and Britain.

Middle Passage … was a terrible journey on the slave trade that brought around 13 million Africans across the Atlantic to be sold in North America.

Olaudah Equiano

Pop Quiz Who was Olaudah Equiano? What is a balance of trade? What are exports? What was the Middle Passage? What is Mercantilism?

Pop Quiz What are imports? What were the Navigation Acts? What was the triangular trade? What are duties?

Mini Question What were the Navigation acts, and how did they affect the colonies? Laws that required the colonies to trade with England. It inspired trading goods illegally.

Mini Question What were some of the colonial trade networks? It was the trade between the British West Indies, the North American colonies, and Britain.

Mini Question What was life like for enslaved Africans during the Middle Passage? It lasted 3 months. They were chained and packed tightly into ships. Thousands died.

Cash crops …, such as rice and indigo, were grown on large plantations and small farms to sell fro profit.

Eliza Lucas Pinckney …ran a plantation in South Carolina and turned indigo into a cash crop.

Slave codes …were laws to control the slaves.

Apprentices …were young boys who were sent to learn trades, such as blacksmiths and printers, from master craftspeople.

Staple crops … are crops that are in demand year-round, such as wheat.

Pop Quiz What are staple crops? Who was Eliza Lucas Pinckney? What are cash crops? What were the slave codes? Who are apprentices?

Mini Question How did climate and geography affect each colonial region’s economy? Southern - depended on agriculture and raw materials New England – cold climate and rocky soil made farming difficult, became shipbuilders and craftspeople Middle – Agriculture and trade were important

Mini Question What was the labor source in each region, and why did it develop differently from those in the other regions? Southern – slaves New England – skilled craftspeople and apprentices (few slaves) Middle – slaves and indentured servants

Mini Question What roles did women play in the colonial economy? Woman sometimes ran farms, businesses, and they worked in the home.

Revivals In the late 1730s and 1740s, ministers began to revive people’s interest in religion by delivering emotional sermons at __________, which were large, public church gatherings.

Great Awakening The __________ was an unorganized movement of Christina sermons and church meetings.

Jonathan Edwards

George Whitefield __________ was a British minister who came to America and began a series of revivals in Georgia and Virginia.

Charles Chauncy

Gilbert Tennent

Pop Quiz Who was Jonathon Edwards? What was the Great Awakening? What were revivals? Who was George Whitfield? Who was Charles Chauncy?

Mini Question What was the message of the Great Awakening?

Mini Question How did the colonists respond to the Great Awakening?

Mini Question How did the Great Awakening affect society and politics?

Galileo Galilei

Scientific Revolution During the 1600s scientists in western Europe began using logic and reason to make new discoveries about the laws that governed nature. This change in the way people looked at the world became known as the __________.

Sir Isaac Newton

Scientific Method Scientists developed the __________ to make discoveries.

Enlightenment Many people began using logic and reason to study human nature as well. This change in thought is referred to as the __________. Thinkers of the __________ developed ideas about how government should work.

David Rittenhouse __________ designed mathematical and astronomical tools and studied the solar system.

Benjamin Banneker __________ made careful astronomical calculations and published them in an almanac.

Benjamin Franklin __________was one of the most important colonial thinkers, scientists, and inventors.

Anne Bradstreet Preachers such as John Cotton developed a new, dramatic style of sermon,m while poets such as __________ wrote about family and religious faith.

Phillis Wheatley

Pop Quiz Who was David Rittenhouse? What was the Scientific Revolution? What was the scientific method? Who was Phillis Wheatley? Who was Galileo Galilei?

Pop Quiz What was the Enlightenment? Who was Anne Bradstreet? Who was Benjamin Banneker? Who was Benjamin Franklin? Who was Sir Isaac Newton?

Mini Question How did the ideas form the Scientific Revolution influence the Enlightenment? Many people began using logic and reason to study human nature about how government should work.

Mini Question What was education like in the colonies? New England – established schools to teach students to read the Bible Middle and Southern colonies established few schools.

Mini Question What contributions did colonial scientists, writers, and artists make to American culture? Rittenhouse studied the solar system Banneker predicted an eclipse Benjamin Franklin was the most important colonial thinker Anne Bradstreet wrote about family and religion Painters moved to the colonies

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