Plant Diseases Did not include Hawthorne leaf blight, mosaic, or Rhabdocline leaf cast.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Pathogens Covered Pythium spp. Phytophthora spp. Fusarium solani
Advertisements

Maintaining the Lawn.
Integrated Disease Management Disease Resistance and Cultural Controls.
Basic Plant Pathology Jennifer Davidson Author: Mila Pearce
Science For A Better Life Rhizoctonia Large Patch Disease Understanding and Management Strategies.
Plant Health Management for Backyard Grape Plantings
PLANT PATHOLOGY. Plant disease Plant’s normal function is interrupted by a pathogen or the environment.
Unit 1: Corn Diseases.
22.1 Differentiate between common diseases Assess symptoms of common diseases and parasites 22.4 Compare methods by which diseases are spread.
Originated in Japan. In the 18 th century, Hydrangeas were brought to England and they quickly became very popular flower throughout Europe Native.
Oak Wilt D.L. Clement Regional Specialist University of Maryland Extension.
MSU Extension Pesticide Education Turfgrass Pest Management (Category 3A) Diseases of Turfgrass Chapter 8.
Plant Diseases Meghan Danielson.
Sustainable Management of Common Plant Diseases in the Landscape Dr. Elizabeth Little Department of Plant Pathology University of Georgia.
Turf diseases Or: what is that spot and what do I do about it? High similarity to TDNs (“those damn needlecasts”) The majority of turf problems are cultural.
Foliar diseases End Previous Next.
ANTHRACNOSE May infect leaves, twigs, buds, shoots, and even the fruit of various landscape trees Raking and removing infected leaves will remove the main.
Organic Approaches to Disease Control George Driever Area Pest Management Specialist Cooperative Extension Service Oklahoma State University.
Anthracnose on Shade Trees
Lecture 16 Turf, Flower and Vegetable Diseases. Turf diseases Turf diseases Fusarium patch, red thread disease, fairy rings and thatch are common in Seattle.
Plant Diseases Plant diseases reduce the harvest of food
Turfgrass Establishment and Care. Turfgrass can be used for a variety of things Erosion Control Sports Lawns Pasture.
Root Galls formed by Root-knot Nematodes
Diseases of Orchardgrass Jon Repair Extension Agent, Crop and Soil Sciences (540)
Louisiana Yards and Neighborhoods Common Landscape Diseases Common Landscape Diseases
Plant Pathology.
Plant diseases By Christopher Rupp. BLACKLEG Blackleg is caused by a bacteria with many strains which also infect stored potatoes, carrots, bulbs, and.
Disease Identification RITCHIE FEED AND SEED INC. (613)
Scouting for Plant Diseases
Bellringer-October 7, )Name 3 different causes of why a plant might become diseased (think hard): 2)What is the difference between biotic and abiotic?
Unit 10: Soybean Diseases.  Bacterial Blight Occurs on leaves of the SB  Small angular spots  Appear yellow at first  Later turn brown to black 
Plant Disorders Nursery/Landscape. INSECTS Aphid Aphids are small (about 1/8 of and inch long), soft-bodied, pear-shaped insects of many colors such.
Diseases Unit: Plant Pests. Objectives: 1)Explain diseases as related to plants 2)Describe the types and causes of plant diseases 3)Explain how common.
Plant Health Management for Backyard Bramble (Raspberry and Blackberry) Plantings.
PLANT DISEASES. BLACK SPOT Black spot of rose, also known as leaf blotch, and leaf spot, is a disease caused by a fungus called Diplocarpon rosae. The.
Plant Diseases Joan Young, Lyon Co. Master Gardener.
Minnesota First Detectors Oak Wilt Deadly Pathogen.
Fungal Diseases in Mango
Unit 7: Alfalfa Diseases.  Bacterial Wilt Occurs when conditions are right for rapid, vigorous growth Symptoms  Reduced stand  Dwarfing of infected.
Overseeding TRF 230. Why Overseed Bermuda goes dormant Green color Traffic tolerance Economic reasons.
CAUSES OF PLANT DISEASES
Turfgrass Diseases. Turfgrass Disease Disease: normal development disturbed; reduces value.
Dutch Elm Disease Ophiostoma ulmi (syn. Ceratocystis ulmi)
Plant Disorders Diseases. Powdery Mildew The disease is easily recognizable as a white to gray powdery growth on leaves and sometimes stems and flowers.
Plant Diseases Chapter 4 Section VII of the Pest Bear & Affiliates Service Personnel Development Program , Central Fla Duplicating,

After successful completion of 13 Units in this Lesson, you have learned to: List the fungal diseases damaging the groundnut leaves. Describe the symptoms.
Free Powerpoint Templates Click to edit Master text styles ◦ Second level  Third level  Fourth level  Fifth level Click to edit Master text styles ◦
Pythium blight.
Diseases Help me! I’m dying..
Plant Diseases.
Post harvest diseases of brinjal
Diseases Management in Grape Nursery Grape seedlings are susceptible to diseases like Anthracnose, downy mildew, powdery mildew, leaf spot, leaf blight,
Identification of Diseases in Sports turf Andrew Wight.
PRINCIPLES FOR PREVENTING DAMAGE AND DISEASE IN PLANTATION FORESTS.
Plant Diseases Fungal, bacterial, viral. Fungi grow best in humid, warm, conditions Fungi cannot make their own food so live on dead or living cells Fungi.
Onion Diseases Fungal Physiological
University of Florida - IFAS
8.0 Pest Management 8.02 Discuss diseases and viruses.
Diseases  Diseases are plant disorders caused by an infectious pathogen or agent.  Three conditions necessary for diseases in plants.  Host plant is.
Common Turfgrass diseases
Common Turfgrass diseases
Diseases Help me! I’m dying..
PLANT DISEASES.
AIM: SWBAT describe the three main groups of disease causing agents in plants, and cite a few examples of plant diseases Please Do Now: Name 3 human disease,
Diseases Help me! I’m dying..
Diseases Help me! I’m dying..
Identification of Diseases in Sports turf
What is a pest? An organism that has a harmful effect on the plant.
ETIOLOGY OF PLANT DISEASES. ETIOLOGY OF DISEASE Study of causation or origination Study of causation or origination -Greek word “aitiolologia” -Greek.
Presentation transcript:

Plant Diseases Did not include Hawthorne leaf blight, mosaic, or Rhabdocline leaf cast

Terms Abiotic plant disease—caused by unfavorable growing conditions. Biotic plant disease —caused by plant pathogens. Pathogen- an infectious, biological agent such as a virus, bacteria or fungus that causes disease to its host.

Introduction Plant disease—a harmful change in the growth of a plant. Fumigants are broad spectrum biocides and kill most fungi, soil insects, nematodes, and weeds. Fumigants will not kill most of the soil resident bacterial diseases or viruses. Methyl bromide is the most important soil fumigant. It is used for high value crops such as tomatoes, peppers, strawberries, seed potatoes, and several ornamentals. Methyl bromide is also highly destructive to atmospheric ozone. Methyl bromide usage is being phased out under international treaty (1991 Montreal Protocol). Florida estimates 61-63% reduction in tomato and pepper production unless alternatives to methyl bromide can be found. Metam-sodium is the active ingredient in several products lines including Vapam®, Busan®, Nemasol®, and Metam® products.

Abiotic Plant Diseases Not caused by pathogens Caused by unfavorable growing conditions Improper light Temperature extremes Mechanical injury Abiotic diseases lead to stress that can increase susceptibility to damage from insects or pathogenic diseases Most abiotic plant diseases are avoidable

Biotic Plant Diseases Plant disease triangle Causal agents: Fungi Bacteria Viruses, etc.

Causal Agents (Pathogens) Fungi Most turf and ornamental disease are caused by fungi Do not produce their own food Reproduce by forming spores Spread Some by water Some by wind Mechanical/animal Infected plants

Causal Agents (Pathogens) Bacteria Single celled microbes Enter plants through injuries or natural openings Spread Some by water Some by wind Some in soil Mechanical/animal Infected plants

Causal Agents (Viruses) Smaller than cells---multiply in cells Often spread Infected plants must be removed---no cures Spread Mechanical---e.g. contaminated equipment Contact between plants Sucking insects

Susceptible Host Plants Ornamental plants vary in disease resistance Susceptibility increases with stress Symptoms of decline Late flowering or leaf emergence Smaller leaf size Less shoot growth Excessive water spouts

END

Important Plant Diseases-Turf Brown Patch Symptoms Irregular brown areas inches to feet wide Grass leaves turn olive green then wilt, turn light brown, and die. Stems and crowns can also be infected Causes All grasses susceptible Caused by Rhizoctonia solani, reside in soil

Important Plant Diseases-Turf Brown Patch Favorable conditions Excess thatch High temperatures (75-90 degrees) Control Aerate Water to 4-6 inches depth when needed Avoid excess nitrogen

Important Plant Diseases-Turf Dollar Spot Symptoms Small, bleached out or straw-colored spots Seldom larger than 2 inches in close-mowed turf On taller grass (1-3 inches) spots can be 3-6 inches in diameter Spots can merge together Does not kill the grass plants Causes Caused by fungi indicates Nitrogen deficiency

Important Plant Diseases-Turf Leaf Spot Favorable conditions Nitrogen deficiency Warm days with cool nights High humidity Control Adequate nitrogen and potassium Water in the morning let turf dry out before dusk Preventative fungicides Curative fungicides

Important Plant Diseases-Turf Leaf Spot Symptoms Start as small, dark purple or black spots Become oval spots with buff centers and purple margins Causes Primary cause--- fungus Bipolaris sorokinianum

Important Plant Diseases-Turf Leaf Spot Favorable conditions Dry periods alternating with cloudy, wet weather Control Avoid over-lush turf Mow so that no more than 1/3 of the leaf blades are cut Resistant cultivars

Important Plant Diseases-Turf Melting-Out Symptoms Circular to elongated, purplish or brownish spots General e.g. spread throughout the grass Causes Melting-out is the summer phase of leaf spot Brent grass, fescues, ryegrass and burmudagrass---fungus Bipolaris sorokinianum

Important Plant Diseases-Turf Melting-Out Control Reduce shade Mow at recommended heights Improve soil aeration

Important Plant Diseases-Turf Necrotic Ring Spot Symptoms Begins as scattered light green patches 2-6 inches in diameter Patches enlarge and fade to tan, may become sunken . Streaks or crescents 1-3 or more feet in diameter Patches can increase over the years Causes Fungus Leptosphaeria korrae Formerly called fusarium blight

Important Plant Diseases-Turf Necrotic Ring Spot Favorable conditions Cool or mild periods followed by dry, hot conditions Widespread disease of Kentucky and annual bluegrass that is intensively managed---follows stress Control Good cultural practices: aeration, drainage, balance of fertilizers, water in the morning Resistant cultivars Systemic fungicides

Important Plant Diseases-Turf Pink Snow Mold Symptoms Appears first as snow melts Round, water-soaked spots 1-3 inches in diameter Causes Fungi Fusarium nivale or Microdochium nivale These fungi inactive in warm dry conditions

Important Plant Diseases-Turf Pink Snow Mold Favorable conditions High humidity and temperatures around 40 degrees Control Adequate, balanced fertilizer Reduce shade Aeration Drainage

Important Plant Diseases-Turf Powdery Mildew on Turf Symptoms Thin, white powdery coating Lives primarily on outer surfaces Causes Fungi Fusarium nivale or Microdochium nivale These fungi inactive in warm dry conditions

Important Plant Diseases-Turf Powdery Mildew on Turf Favorable conditions Cool (55-70 degrees) cloudy weather Important disease on Kentucky bluegrasses during extended periods of low light, especially in areas with poor air circulation Control Include shade tolerant cultivars in seed mixtures Prune trees and shrubs to permit light to reach turf Deep, infrequent watering

Important Plant Diseases-Turf Rust Symptoms Begins as light green or yellow flecks becomes Reddish brown to orange (spores) Causes Puccinia species

Important Plant Diseases-Turf Rust Favorable conditions Cool to warm, moist weather Dew or condensed moisture on plants for 12 hours Control Maintain healthy growth with fertilizer and irrigation Remove infected portions of leaves with weekly mowing Curative fungicides

Important Plant Diseases-Turf Slime Molds Symptoms Slimy masses 1 inch to 2 feet in diameter Shades of grays and yellow Easily removable Causes Non parasitic on turf---feed on organic matter

Important Plant Diseases-Turf Slime Molds Favorable conditions Warm, moist weather and high humidity Spread by winds, water, equipment Control Will disappear but can rake or hose-off

Important Plant Diseases-Turf Stripe Smut Symptoms Long, black stripes (pustules) Grass leaves curl, become shredded and die From a distance appears clumpy and patchy Plants die when hot weather occurs Causes Fungus Ustilago striformis often contaminates turf seed Can remain dormant for 3 years in soil

Important Plant Diseases-Turf Stripe Smut Favorable conditions Moderate temperatures (50-65 degrees) Prevalent in spring and fall Occurs on other grasses but more common on bluegrasses Control Resistant cultivars of bluegrass Seed treatment with fungicides Dystemic curative fungicides

Important Plant Diseases-Turf Fairy Ring Symptoms Circular or semi-circular dark green band on turf (released nitrogen from breakdown of organic matter in soil) Mushrooms will often develop around edge after wet weather Causes Several fungi Occurs in areas with high levels of organic material e.g. thatch

Important Plant Diseases-Turf Fairy Ring Favorable conditions Presence of high concentrations of organic matter e.g. tree stumps, roots, construction lumber Control Remove excess organic matter Antagonist strains for heavy infestations Antagonistic strains Chemically kill grass in infested area Remove infected sod (and white mycelium), mix soils and mycelium rototill to 8 inches sod or reseed

Important Plant Diseases-Turf Pythium Blight Symptoms Large areas can die in 24-48 hours when conditions favoring pythium blight occur Round to irregular, dark and water-soaked, greasy or slimy Sunken patches 6-12 inches wide Reddish brown areas fade to tan and die Causes Several species of Pythium fungi

Important Plant Diseases-Turf Pythium Blight Favorable conditions Temperatures 80-90 degrees with 90% RH (relative humidity) and warm nights (.70 degrees) for most Pythium but some thrive in cool weather Waterlogged soils with heavy thatch Excess nitrogen Control Improve drainage Systemic fungicide prior to hot, humid weather

Important Plant Diseases-Turf Summer Patch Symptoms Bluish-green patches become wilted then die Patches become circular or crescent-shaped. Causes Several species of Pythium fungi

Important Plant Diseases-Turf Summer Patch Favorable conditions Usually occurs when a wet period follows hot, dry weather Frequent or excessive watering Control Before planting new turf remove stumps and construction material Avoid mowing or walking on wet turf Apply systemic fungicides when temperatures reach 70 degrees

Important Plant Diseases-Ornamentals Anthracnose Symptoms Leaf buds do not emerge in spring Defoliation from progressive death of mature leaf tissue along leaf midrib or veins Causes Anthracnose in many common tree species Transitional disease, intermediate between a leaf and stem disease caused by fungi (genus Gnomonia)

Important Plant Diseases-Ornamentals Anthracnose Favorable conditions Disease begins in late winter or early spring during periods of warm weather Splashing of spores during warm. Wet weather spreads the disease Control Fungicide application on leaves and buds during emergence Cultural practices including avoiding planting species that are especially susceptible, maintaining adequate irrigation and fertilization

Important Plant Diseases-Ornamentals Cytospora Canker Symptoms Affects poplar and willow Circular or irregular cankers first appear as brown, sunken areas on younger trees Cankers often start at wound openings Causes Fungus Cytospora chrysosperma

Important Plant Diseases-Ornamentals Cytospora Canker Favorable conditions Fungus is opportunistic, infects weakened or wounded tissues Spread by splashing rain, wind Control Remove dead and dying branches Clean pruning tools Fertilize Deep water (10-12 inches) No fungicides are available

Important Plant Diseases-Ornamentals Dutch Elm Disease Symptoms Leaves brown and curl---usually drop early Large elms may die over 2 or more years Causes Fungus Ceratocysitus ulmi Infects elms and closely related plants Transmitted by: Elm bark beetles Root grafts with adjacent trees Pruning tools

Important Plant Diseases-Ornamentals Dutch Elm Disease Control Plant cultivars with superior resistance (Siberian and Chinese) Water and fertilize Spray with appropriate insecticide in late winter/early spring before the buds swell (requires special training and equipment) Systemic injections Halt transmission through root grafts (see oak wilt procedures)

Important Plant Diseases-Ornamentals Fire Blight Symptoms Infected flowers first appear water-soaked Leaves and stems then appear brown or black as though scorched by fire Causes/favorable conditions Bacterium Erwinia amylovora overwinters in plant tissues and emerges when temps reach 65 degrees Spread by insects, wind, water, hail

Important Plant Diseases-Ornamentals Fire Blight Control Plant resistant varieties of apple, crabapple, and pear where available Good cultural practices (fertility, watering, drainage) Prune in dormant season and disinfect tools between cuts with 70% rubbing alcohol solution 6 inches of mulch around susceptible tress reduces chance of infection

Important Plant Diseases-Ornamentals Fungus Leaf Spot Symptoms Difficult to diagnose from anthracnose Variable spot colors and shapes Causes Wide variety of fungi

Important Plant Diseases-Ornamentals Fungus Leaf Spot Favorable conditions Cool weather, light rains, high humidity Crowded plantings Control Preventive measures usually not needed Good culture Remove fallen leaves and branches Proper spacing

Important Plant Diseases-Ornamentals Juniper Twig Blight Symptoms In spring tips of twigs and branches turn light green then brown Usually affects branches less than 1/3 inch diameter Spores emerge during wet weather in spring and early summer Causes Fungus Phomopsis juniperova Controls Cultural practices Provide ventilation in shaded areas Fungicides every 2 weeks early spring to fall

Important Plant Diseases-Ornamentals Oak Wilt Causes Fungus Ceratocytis fagacearum Spread by beetles from infected plants on their bodies f Root grafts

Important Plant Diseases-Ornamentals Oak Wilt Symptoms Impairs water conduction from roots to branches and leaves Trees wilt from the top down and leaves wilt from the tips to the base Fallen leaves have brown tips and green along the main vein

Important Plant Diseases-Ornamentals Oak Wilt Favorable conditions Control Avoid pruning wounding) from April 15 to July 1st if wound occurs during that time cover with tree wound dressing or latex paint---this is the critical period of beetle movement Isolate infected trees---preventing root grafts---trenching machine or vibratory plow (cut to 4.5-5.0 feet deep) Red and black oaks most susceptible Reduce spore quantity---cover pruned wood, debark branches that are 3 inches and over (fungus mats below bark) The latex paint will mask the odor of the wound from beetles

Important Plant Diseases-Ornamentals Rust Symptoms Bright orange, yellow, chocolate brown or black pustules Causes Several fungi Control Alternate hosts e.g. junipers and cedars one year,---apple, crabapple, hawthorne, mountain ash the next Disease free plants Prune infested tissue Pustules are small, blister like bumps caused by spores pushing their way from underneath the epidermis of the leaf

Important Plant Diseases-Ornamentals Scab Symptoms Apple scab develops as circular lesions during leaf expansion in spring. Color progresses from dark green to black Fruit can be infected at any time during development Cause Fungus Fusicladium saliciperdum

Important Plant Diseases-Ornamentals Scab Favorable conditions Apple scab overwinters on leaf litter Wet weather during bud break spreads spores Cool, wet conditions Control Plant resistant varieties when available Prune out diseased tissue 3-4 applications of fungicides at 10 day intervals starting just before bud break

Important Plant Diseases-Ornamentals Sphaeropsis Blight (Diplodia Tip Blight) Symptoms On new, emerging needles browning occurs near the base of the needle and progress to the tip. Ooze forms Infection spread to twigs and die back to the next whorl Begins with lower branches and progresses up the tree over successive years In severe cases the tree dies Causes Fungus Sphaeropsis sainea

Important Plant Diseases-Ornamentals Sphaeropsis Blight (Diplodia Tip Blight) Control Removal of infected branches Balanced fertilizers in spring Adequate watering

Important Plant Diseases-Ornamentals Phytopthora Symptoms Variable, may be slow decline or rapid death during dry weather Root and crown root Symptoms may include chlorosis, sparse foliage, reduced sized foliage in trees and shrubs Causes Fungi from the genus Phytopthora soilborne

Important Plant Diseases-Ornamentals Phytopthora Favorable conditions High occurrence in areas with high soil moisture and low fertility Control Plant in well drained soil Allow plants to dry out between irrigation Systemic fungicides

Important Plant Diseases-Ornamentals Verticillium Symptoms Especially common on maples but can occur on several landscape trees and shrubs Usually the leaves on the entire plant or all the leaves on one side of the plant suddenly wilt Dieback May progress through several years Causes Fungi from genus Verticillium Soilborne and spread by contamination

Important Plant Diseases-Ornamentals Verticillium Control Plant disease-free nursery stock Avoid wounding and contaminated tools Avoid excess nitrogen Replace infected plant with resistant varieties or immune species

Important Plant Diseases-Ornamentals Powdery Mildew Symptoms White, powdery spots that grow to cover the entire surface Young plants most vulnerable, especially in shade Dwarfing, distortion, yellowing. Leaves may drop Causes Over 1000 species of fungi primarily Microsphaera and Odium

Important Plant Diseases-Ornamentals Powdery Mildew Favorable conditions Shade Areas with poor air circulation Easily spread by splashing water Control Prune affect parts Select plants for resistance Because powdery mildew are usually external they can be controlled ---curative fungicides