6 April 2005Aussois, France BURLE INDUSTRIES Next Generation Large Area Low Cost PMT UNO Collaboration Robert Caracciolo and Richard Leclercq 6 April 2005 BURLE INDUSTRIES

6 April 2005Aussois, France BURLE INDUSTRIES Overview BURLE INDUSTRIES, INC. Conversion Tubes Power Tubes Real Estate BURLE ELECTRO-OPTICS, INC. BURLE INDUSTRIES GmbH BURLE INDUSTRIES UK LIMITED BURLE deMexico

6 April 2005Aussois, France Core Competencies  Conversion Tubes, Lancaster PA  Conventional PMT design and fabrication  Photocathode processing  Image tube design and fabrication  PMT Modules  Integrated VDN, HVPS, signal processing electronics   Power Tubes, Lancaster PA   Design and fabrication of vacuum tubes for power generation and switching   Plating and environmental testing   Ceramic-to-Metal joining techniques   BEO, Sturbridge MA   Microchannel plates   Channel multipliers   Fiber optics

6 April 2005Aussois, France PMT Markets  Medical Imaging  Maintain ~ 30% market share and growing  Provide high-volume tubes for both SPECT and PET  Have presence in general spectroscopy, scintillation counting, and HEP  Targeting the HEP market more aggressively  Development of the PLANACON family  Cost competitive fast timing PMTs such as the 8575B.  SBIR grant to develop large area PMT

6 April 2005Aussois, France Large Area PMT Program  Actively working on Phase II objectives of a DOE SBIR to develop a 20” diameter PMT with cost < $0.75/cm 2 of active area, including VDN and cabling  Will also develop 2”, 5”, and 8” variants  Want to establish close ties with researchers associated with proton-decay and neutrino experiments to aid in development  Represents a BURLE commitment to becoming a major player in the HEP market

6 April 2005Aussois, France Phase I Objectives 1)Define the required PMT performance specifications for future proton-decay and neutrino experiments. 2)Review potential PMT bulb designs that are cost-effective in high volume production while being consistent with the requirements in 1 above. 3)Review the various electron multiplier configurations available relative to cost and performance. 4)Consider methods of integrating the components of 2 and 3 to establish a PMT with the proper performance requirements and yet is cost effective for production. 5)Consider cost-effective manufacturing techniques for the PMT designs identified in 4 above. 6)Plan for the capital requirements for manufacturing PMTs as identified in 5 above for delivery times of 5 years and 8 years with quantity of 60,000 20” PMT equivalent.

6 April 2005Aussois, France Requirements ParameterValueUnitsComments Spectral Response nmResponse < 300nm not very useful due to attenuation length in water Cathode QE at 390nm20%Desire as high as possible Collection Efficiency70%Desire as high as possible Gain1 x 10 7 Dark Counts25kcps Desire 3 – 4 kHz at 30  C Transit Time Spread (FWHM)5.5nsDesire 3 ns Photocathode area, head-on~2000cm 2 Sized to give lowest cost per unit area High Voltage+2000VCould be higher Pressure9atmTotal outside – inside pressure difference. Could use acrylic pressure vessel if needed. PackagingVDN + HV and signal cables, hermetically sealed Chemical resistancePure H 2 O

6 April 2005Aussois, France Multiplier Design Table 2. Electron Multiplier Properties ParameterDiscrete MultiplierMCPHAPD Gain (Z-stack or Chevron with discrete 1 st dynode) 10 5 – 10 7 Single electron resolutionGoodVery GoodExcellent Collection efficiencyVery goodGood (Very good if using discrete 1 st dynode) Very Good Operational voltage+2000V+4000V-10,000V CostLowModerate

6 April 2005Aussois, France Photocathode Design  Requirements for highest possible QE and lowest possible dark counts are in conflict.  Trade-study will be performed and initial PMT builds will be designed to optimize these parameters. Dark counts of 3kcps are possible, but QE will probably be limited to 20% max.  Electron multiplier design will influence the dark counts, and will be considered in that design

6 April 2005Aussois, France Phase II Activities  Teamed with the Glass Technology Industry to develop the bulb, tooling, and manufacturing approach.  Establish a shape yielding good electron optics and mechanical integrity  Electron optics studies to establish novel focusing methods  Design, tool, and fabricate the electron multiplier.  Modify existing exhaust equipment to manufacture prototype PMTs.  Manufacture and test prototype PMTs.  Perform environmental tests on prototype PMTs including pressure, shock/vibration, and temperature.  Adapt existing process equipment for low-cost manufacturing.

6 April 2005Aussois, France Bulb Designs  Mushroom Shape  Good for electron optics  Large neck area allows for focusing electrode  Manufacturing approach does not yield consistent results leading to lower mechanical reliability  Design is not conducive to modern glass manufacturing technology

6 April 2005Aussois, France Bulb Designs  Simple shape, easy to blow  Good for electron optics if mount is elevated to middle of bulb  Excellent mechanical strength  Larger volume than is necessary  Small neck implies simpler sealing techniques

6 April 2005Aussois, France Bulb Designs  Possible methods to make this shape highly automated  Good for electron optics except for edge TTS  Good mechanical strength  Mount is lower in bulb  Good use of volume  Small neck implies simpler sealing techniques

6 April 2005Aussois, France System Design

6 April 2005Aussois, France System Design

6 April 2005Aussois, France Ideal Front End Optics  Truncated bulb  Uniform E- field in front of cathode  Small neck  TTD ~ 1.5 ns

6 April 2005Aussois, France Electron Optics Optimization  Different Vectors for Simulations  2 INCH  5 INCH  8 INCH  20 INCH  Build prototypes and test

6 April 2005Aussois, France 2 INCH 3D-MODEL

6 April 2005Aussois, France Coincidence Resolving Time Test PMT LSO 4*4*20 mm ¾” PMT Na22 CFD Start Stop Delay TPHC CFD MCA 1

6 April 2005Aussois, France 8575B 2 Inch Prototype TTD(ns) FWHM(ns)

6 April 2005Aussois, France 2 INCH Anode Uniformity

6 April 2005Aussois, France General Milestones  5 Inch PMT 2 nd Quarter 05. Compare with Sample to Stony Brook. Pressure Test  8 Inch PMT2 nd Quarter 06  20 Inch PMT 4 th Quarter 06

6 April 2005Aussois, France Summary  Interfacing with glass and bulb manufacturers to optimize cost- effective bulb design.  FEA and environmental testing to validate mechanical integrity of bulb.  Employing 2-D and 3-D electron optics models.  Cathode to Dy1 fields  Dy1 to the electron multiplier fields  Design and implement novel focusing elements. Required for a bulb with a small neck.  Validated our design concepts on the 2” PMT. Will continue with the 5”, 8”, and 20” PMT’s.  Reviewing different photocathode processes and or design to optimize balance of QE and Dark counts.