Environmental Fate of Herbicides Tim R. Murphy, Ph.D. The University of Georgia Crop and Soil Sciences
Public Concerns Health Quality of Life Environment Nuclear and Toxic Waste Chemicals vs. Natural Right-to-Know
“Public Concerns” About Chemicals Cause cancer Not well tested Harm animals Last forever Not “natural” Used carelessly Contaminate water Any amount is dangerous
Herbicide Concerns Last forever Contaminate water Affect human health Sterilize soil Use is not needed Kill all desirable organisms Degrade the environment
“ For the price of a green lawn, we are poisoning our children.” Family Circle magazine, 1991
Fate of Herbicides Original dose and ½ life Water solubility - the extent to which a pesticide will dissolve in water Sorption by clay colloids and organic matter Adsorption - binding of a herbicide to the surface of a soil particle. Absorption - Penetrates into plant tissue Microbial degradation - influenced by herbicide concentration, temperature, moisture, pH, oxygen, microbial population
Fate of Herbicides Chemical degradation and photodecomposition Hydrolysis, oxidation, reduction, and photodecomposition under field conditions Volatilization and evaporation - Loss due to an increase in temperature, vapor pressure, and wind movement. Plant uptake and metabolism - roots, shoots, leaves
Herbicide Fate in the Soil Herbicide Chemical Characteristics Soil Physical-Chemical Characteristics
Herbicide-Chemical Properties Ionic State (cation, anion, basic or acidic) Water Solubility Vapor pressure Hydrophobic/hydrophilic Partition coefficient Chemical, photochemical, microbial sensitivity
Soils - Solid Phase Sand to 2.0 mm Silt to 0.2 mm Clay - < Organic matter - decaying plant and and animal residue
Soils - Colloidal Phase Consists of clay and organic matter Huge surface area Negatively charged Anions (-charge) repelled Cations (+charge) attracted Primarily responsible for binding herbicides
Soils - Gas & Liquid Phase Gas - oxygen, carbon dioxide, others Liquid - water (with dissolved molecules, ions, etc.)
Soils - Living Phase Microorganisms - bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi Algae Vertebrates and Invertebrates Microorganisms degrade herbicides
Microbial Degradation Higher with high microbial populations May use as food source, or just degrade the herbicide Faster under warm, moist conditions Slower under cool, dry conditions
Herbicide Adsorption Soil texture coarse, sandy soils have few binding sites Permeability highly permeable soils low in CEC have few binding sites Soil OM and clay content increase binding Excessive moisture interferes with binding
Soil Factors Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) soils ability to adsorb positively charged compounds fine-textured, high- organic matter soils have larger CEC’s than coarse, low-organic matter soils paraquat
Soil Factors Organic Matter and Texture most important for soil applied herbicides Indirectly influences all processes that affect herbicides!! the greater the organic matter and clay content, the greater adsorption of herbicides
Amount of atrazine required to reduce giant foxtail growth by 50% at varying OM levels OM (%) Rate (kg/ha) Parochetti 1973
Water Movement Surface runoff Leaching Capillary action
Factors That Affect Leaching
Relative Movement of Herbicides
Mobility of Preemergence Herbicides in Soil
Mobility of Postemergence Herbicides in Soil
Volatility Volatility - physical change of a liquid or solid to gas.
Volatility Related to vapor pressure Increases at high air temperatures Increases under high soil moisture conditions Higher on coarse textured, sandy soils
Preemergence Herbicide Water Solubility and Relative Volatility Herbicide Water Solubility (ppm) Vapor Pressure (mm Hg) Relative Volatility Benefin X High Pendimethalin X Low Surflan X Very Low Barricade X Very Low Dimension X Low Kerb X Moderate Bensulide X Very Low Ronstar X Very Low Aatrex X Very Low
Postemergence Herbicide Volatility
Photodecomposition Photodecomposition - Breakdown of the herbicide by sunlight (primarily UV portion).
Herbicide Persistence - Soil Usually expressed as the half-life (t1/2).
Herbicide ½ Life Amount of time it takes a herbicide to reach one-half (t1/2) of the originally applied concentration. Expressed in days, wks, months, yrs lb. Ai/acre 0.5 lb. Ai/acre
Preemergence Herbicides – Avg. t-1/2
Postemergence Herbicides – Avg. t-1/2
Herbicide Degradation
Herbicide Leaching Potential Index HLP – developed by Warren and Weber, NCSU Factors considered include: Binding ability Persistence (t-1/2) Application rate Amount that penetrates turf canopy and reaches soil Soil pH, O.M., type
HLP Index Low potential for leaching - > 10.1 Moderate potential- 1.0 to 10.0 High potential- < 1.0
HLP Index – Preemergence Herbicidekg ai/haHLP Index Pendimethalin L Dithiopyr L Oxadiazon – M-L Bensulide M Atrazine M Simazine M
HLP Index – Postemergence Herbicidekg ai/haHLP Index MSMA L Glyphosate L 2,4-D H Dicamba H Imazaquin M
Soil Leaching Potential - SLP Texture, O.M. and pH have greatest impact on herbicide leaching Clays retard movement, sands increase High O.M. retards, low O.M. increases Acidic pH increases degradation Neutral to alkaline pH decreases degradation, and can increase movement potential
SLP S, LS, SL, L, SiL, L:10 SCL, CL, SiCL: 6 SiC, SC: 3 C or muck: 1 S= sand, L = loam, Si = silt, C = clay
SLP Can be calculated for each soil type Based on texture and pH 0 to 91 cm Based on O.M. in upper 15 cm High soil leaching potential: > 131 Moderate: 90 to 130 Low: < 89
Herbicide Selection with HLP/SLP Matrix Soil Leaching Potential (SLP) Rating HLP RatingHighModerateLow Groundwater Contam. Potential (GWCP) HighHazardousRiskySafe ModerateRisky Safe LowSafe
HLP/SLP Matrix Example Lakeland Sand, low O.M. and clay, SLP = 134, High Dicamba: HLP = 0.48 or high Atrazine: HLP = 1.5 or moderate MSMA: HLP = 39 or low Dicamba: high high – HAZARDOUS Atrazine: h igh moderate – RISKY MSMA: high low - SAFE
Best Management Practices - BMPS Use herbicides with low HLP Indices on high SLP soils Train employees on proper application techniques Spot treat if possible Follow label Be aware of any water advisory statements
BMPS (continued) Consider mixing/loading pads, with spill containment Do not mix or apply within 100 ft. of a well head Prevent back-siphoning Calibrate sprayer Establish buffer (non-treated areas)
SU Herbicide Lateral Movement Griffin, GA Lateral runoff facility 5% uniform slope Wobbler irrigation heads 1.25 inches per hour Tifway bermudagrass 0.5 inch clip height
SU Herbicide Lateral Movement Plots 25 ft. long Lower 10 ft. fall-seeded with perennial ryegrass Upper 15 ft. not overseeded January 22, 2004, applied to dormant bermuda Monument at 0.33 and 0.56 oz./acre Manor at 0.5 oz./acre TranXit at 2.0 oz./acre Kerb at 2.0 lbs./acre
SU Herbicide Lateral Movement Before application Applied 2.5 inches irrigation (2 hrs), 37% saturation Waited ~ 1hr, until foliage dried Applied herbicides Waited ~ 1hr, until foliage dried Applied 2.5 inches irrigation (2 hrs) Applied 0.5 inch irrigation water 24 HAT
SU Herbicide Lateral Movement WHAT HAPPENED?? Kerb – moved 8 ft. (76% injury) Monument 0.33 oz. – 0.7 ft (3%) Monument 0.56 oz. – 3 ft. (14%) Manor 0.5 oz. – 0.7 ft. (1) TranXit 2.0 oz – 0.6 ft. (1) NOTE: No significant injury occurred until 48 DAT
KERB Kerb Great for Poa Will move
Can SU Herbicides Move? Yes, if: Surface film of water present at application Irrigation or rainfall immediately after application Not watering after foliage has dried Dew re-suspends and can cause tracking (prevent by watering in) Improperly adjusted irrigation heads
Atrazine Technical Facts (U.S. E.P.A) Drinking water (U.S.A.) MCL: mg/L 2 nd most frequently detected pesticide in EPA National Survey of Drinking Water Wells DE, IL, IN, IA, KS, MI, MN, MO, NE, NY
Atrazine Technical Facts (U.S. E.P.A) Degradation Microbial, chemical (hydrolysis at acidic pH) Adsorption Higher in muck and clay soils, than in soils with low clay and O.M. t-½ = 60 d
Atrazine Label Precautions Do not apply to sands and loamy sands where water table is close to surface. Do not mix, load within 50 ft. of wells, sinkholes, etc. (unless pad with containment is used). Do not mix, load within 50 ft. of streams, lakes, etc.
Atrazine Label Precautions Do not apply within 66 ft. of where surface water run-off enters streams or rivers, or within 200 ft. of lakes and reservoirs. On highly erodible land, use a 66 ft. crop or grass buffer strip.
0 Residue Ain’t Possible!!! 1 ppm = one second in 12 days 1 ppb = one second in 32 years 1 ppt = one second in 32,000 years 1 ppq = one second in 32,000,000 years 1.0 lb. Ai/acre = 1.0 ppm in upper 3 inches
Risk Communication “Everything is Poison. There is nothing without poisonous properties. The dose differentiates a remedy from a poison.” Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim Better known a Paracelsus
Facts 30 yrs added to lifespan in 20th century 8 yrs added since use of pesticides only 37% of land farmed in 1950 is cultivated today Dennis Avery, Hudson Institute, Wall Street Journal, August 12, 1999 deer, turkey, geese populations increasing in GA
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