Anish Bhattacharya Shen Ge Neha Satak Tejal Thakore Sensors to map pollution for the Danube River using GNSS

Shen Ge M.S., Aerospace B.S., Aerospace and Physics Neha Satak PhD Student, Aerospace M.S., Aerospace B.E., Electronics Tejal Thakore SGAC MAA Technical Lead Member of YGNSS B.S., Aerospace Anish Bhattacharya MBA Student IBM Software Engineer B.E., Electronics

Spherical Water In-situ Pollution Sensors Application: Detects differential change in pollution concentration along the length of the river when deployed in a network Monitors a specific location along the length for water pollution levels. Can be used by government to enforce water pollution laws or by individuals and industry planning to utilize the river water. Description: A submersible, wireless water pollution sensor using GNSS Measures PAHs and charged molecules in water Can submerge and float for mobile or stationary applications Carries a GNSS sensor to localize itself Uploads data to remote computer through a wireless link

 Civilizations and cities have flourished around rivers. They are a valued resource as a foundation for agriculture transportation and industry.  Two major types of pollutants in water affecting life: ◦ Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) ◦ Ions : pH, fluoride, chloride, ammonium, total hardness and some metallic ions.  Danube River is a good case due to two reasons: ◦ Its the second longest river in Europe, is a waterway that affects the lives of millions. ◦ Nations and their governments through which the river passes are committed to protect it.  To track its state of pollution at different parts of the river at any given time is of critical importance to identify the source of pollution and track its concentration and distribution.

Autonomous Data Collection Mobile and Submersible Sensor Wireless link to sensors up to km Multiple sensors network Features: SWIPS sensors are fully autonomous. Multiple sensors can communicate with each other and provide differential data Data collection is wireless at a distance of <10 km Each sensor is capable of floating and drifting at different depths to detect pollution at various levels. Lifetime of each SWIPS sensor is designed to be 6 months. Software to process data collected from a network of SWIPS sensors will be provided.

Water Pollutant Sensors Water Intake mechanism Rechargeable Battery GNSS Receiver Water Pressure sensor Data Link/Memory Module Outflow mechanism area

SHAPE According to the ICPDR*, Danube River has a current velocity of 8-9 km/hr. To maintain a regular course for the sensor to float using the river current, it would be ideal to have a spherical shell. This will also provide better access for the water to enter the shell and the outflow mechanism to pump out the water in the shell. MATERIAL Requirements: Light weight, water-resistance, robust structure, highly corrosion resistance, weather resistance, high tensile strength and low specific gravity. Proposed materials: Carbon- fibre with epoxy resin or fibre-glass with epoxy resin. Due to being readily available and inexpensive bulk order – fibre glass with epoxy resin was chosen. *ICPDR – International Cooperation for the protection of Danube River

 The sensor will float or submerge depending on its area/mass ratio. Change AreaChange Mass

Main Board GNSS Sensor Water Pollution Sensor Data Link Card Sinking- Floating Mechanism

EnviroFlu-HC UV fluorometer Ion-selective microelectrodes Commercially available submersible UV fluorometer detect PAHs commonly found in oil, coal, and tar deposits. Ion-selective microelectrodes detect inorganic charged pollutants.

 Miniature GNSS receiver such as the Trimble Lassen iQ module can be used. SPECIFICATIONSQUANTITY Dimension26 X 26 X 6 mm Voltage3 to 3.6 VDC Power< 90 mW at 3.3 V Mass6.5 g Basic specifications of device including cable and antenna accessories. Without case. With case.

XStream® OEM RF Modules Relevant Specifications: 1.Outdoor/RF line-of-sight range: 32 km 2.Weight : 24g 3.Data upload rate : 9.6 kbps 4.Estimated total time for uploading data for one day : 0.2 to 1 sec

DEVICEVOLTS (V)CAPACITY (mAh) SIZE (mm)MASS (g) Enviro-flu HC X Ø ElectrodesNegligible 80 X Ø 305 Lassen iQ X 102 X Data Card56440 X 70 X 1024 Main Board X ShellN/A Ø Ballast TankN/A Ø TOTAL324.07Ø

Bavaria Government Companies along the Danube NGOs and Other Governments along the Danube

STRENGTH - Trackability allows pollution to be tracked along the waterway - Autonomous nature requires little human maintenance once implemented - High data frequency gives reliable new data WEAKNESS -Cost compared to remote sensing for large-scale detection -Submersing mechanism may be prone to failure OPPORTUNITY -EU’s interest in cleaning up waterways. -Companies along the rivers are increasingly focusing on reducing pollution output -NGOs like WWF and Greenpeace are looking for innovative proposition to tackle environmental problems. THREATS -Biological sensors used for tracking water pollution -Remote Sensing Satellites or UAVs which can monitor water pollution -Successful execution is dependent on willingness of the authorities to implement the project properly

DEVICECOST (EUR) Enviro-flu HC54 Electrodes50 Lassen iQ35 Data Card100 Main Board300 Shell500 Ballast Tank500 TOTAL1539 OTHERQUANTITYCOST (EUR) Software Engineer Electronic Engineer Environmental Scientist Computer33000 TOTAL203000

COMPONENTQUANTITYCOST/YR (EUR) Product Dev Manpower ConsultingN/A15000 Market ResearchN/A15000 Promotion & AdvertisingN/A20000 Office Space UtilityN/A1200 InternetN/A2400 WebsiteN/A60 TOTAL DEVICE MANUFACTURE COST (EUR) Enviro-flu HC54 Electrodes50 Lassen iQ35 Data Card100 Main Board40 Shell50 Ballast Tank50 TOTAL279

We will collaborate with local authorities, NGOs and green institutions  Focus on local governments and NGOs to convince them to pilot the technology along with their existing effort of water bodies conservation  Promote the product by partnering with the local authorities / NGOs to train the people about the usage of the devices and their key benefits  Marketing and promotional vehicle will be website and social media which will have both B2G and B2B content

Initialize prototype development Finish developing prototype and start marketing Finish initial marketing.

2000. Water Framework Directive commits EU member states to achieve good qualitative and quantitative water status Directive 105/EC listed broad range of environmental quality standards in water policy, notably long-term trend analysis of priority substances be conducted regularly by member states Directive 11/EC indicated what substances and what quantities can be discharged into European waters.

 With a development time of just 1 year, SWIPS provides an efficient autonomous system providing water pollution data to any interested party.  Marketing and collaboration with governments, companies, and NGOs will lead to the widespread use of the SWIPS sensor system.