Figure 3.4The Building Blocks of Structured Programming A B (a) Sequence BA CONDITION? (b) Selection : ENTRYEXIT A B N (d) Case CONDITION? A (c) Iteration.

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Figure 3.4The Building Blocks of Structured Programming A B (a) Sequence BA CONDITION? (b) Selection : ENTRYEXIT A B N (d) Case CONDITION? A (c) Iteration FALSE TRUE

Figure 3.5 Sufficiency of the Basic Structures CONDITION? A B CONDITION 2 ? C TRUE FALSE

Statement A Statement B IF condition is true Statement A ELSE Statement B ENDIF DO WHILE condition is true Statement A ENDDO DO CASE Case 1 is true Statement A Case 2 is true Statement B... ENDCASE (a) The Sequence Structure (b) The Selection Structure (c) The Iteration Structure (d) The Case Structure Figure 3.7Pseudocode for Building Blocks

Figure 4.3Student Exam Record STUDENT-EXAM-RECORD STUDENT-NAMEEXAM-SCORESSS-NUM LAST NAME FIRST NAME INIT MATHENGLISH ALGGEOREADVOCLIT ALPHANUMERICNUMERIC

Figure 4.4Level Numbers and PICTURE Clauses 01 STUDENT-EXAM-RECORD. 05 STUDENT-NAME. 10 LAST-NAMEPICTURE IS X(15). 10 FIRST-NAMEPICTURE IS X(15). 10 MID-INITIALPICTURE IS X. 05 SOC-SEC-NUMPICTURE IS 9(9). 05 EXAM-SCORES. 10 MATH. 15 ALGEBRAPICTURE IS 9(5). 15 GEOMETRYPICTURE IS 9(5). 10 ENGLISH. 15 READINGPICTURE IS 9(5). 15 VOCABULARYPICTURE IS 9(5). 15 LITERATUREPICTURE IS 9(5). 01 STUDENT-EXAM-RECORD. 04 STUDENT-NAME. 08 LAST-NAMEPIC X(15). 08 FIRST-NAMEPIC X(15). 08 MID-INITIALPIC X. 04 SOC-SEC-NUMPIC 9(9). 04 EXAM-SCORES. 08 MATH. 12 ALGEBRAPIC GEOMETRYPIC ENGLISH. 12 READINGPIC VOCABULARYPIC LITERATUREPIC (a) Initial Coding (b) Alternative Specification

Figure 4.5Assumed Decimal Point INCOMING RECORDDATA DIVISION RECORD DESCRIPTION VALUES v v v 9 87|65 4|3 | INCOMING-DATA-RECORD. 05 STUDENT-NAME PIC 9V STUDENT-NAMEPIC 99V9. 05 STUDENT-NAMEPIC STUDENT-NAMEPIC V

Figure 4.7Development of a COBOL Program (File Section) (b) COBOL Entries FD STUDENT-FILE RECORD CONTAINS 27 CHARACTERS. 01 STUDENT-RECORD. 05 STU-NAME. 10 STU-LAST-NAME PIC X(15). 10 STU-INITIALS PIC XX. 05 STU-CREDITSPIC 9(2). 05 STU-UNION-MEMBER PIC X. 05 STU-SCHOLARSHIP PIC 9(4). 05 STU-GPAPIC 9V99. STUDENT NAME LAST GPA INITIALS CREDITSUNION MEMBER SCHOLARSHIP (a) Program Specifications

Figure 4.9Development of a COBOL Program (Print Lines) (a) Report Layout

Figure 4.9Development of a COBOL Program (Print Lines) (b) COBOL Entries 01 HEADING-LINE. 05 FILLERPIC X VALUE SPACES. 05 FILLERPIC X(12) VALUE ‘STUDENT NAME’. 05 FILLERPIC X(10) VALUE SPACES. 05 FILLERPIC X(7) VALUE ‘CREDITS’. 05 FILLERPIC X(2) VALUE SPACES. 05 FILLERPIC X(7) VALUE ‘TUITION’. 05 FILLERPIC X(2)VALUE SPACES. 05 FILLERPIC X(9)VALUE ‘UNION FEE’. 05 FILLERPIC X(2)VALUE SPACES. 05 FILLERPIC X(7)VALUE ‘ACT FEE’. 05 FILLERPIC X(2)VALUE SPACES. 05 FILLERPIC X(11)VALUE ‘SCHOLARSHIP’. 05 FILLERPIC X(2)VALUE SPACES. 05 FILLERPIC X(10)VALUE ‘TOTAL BILL’. 05 FILLERPIC X(48)VALUE SPACES. 01 DETAIL-LINE. 05 FILLERPIC X VALUE SPACES. 05 DET-LAST-NAMEPIC X(15). 05 FILLERPIC X(2) VALUE SPACES. 05 DET-INITIALSPIC X(2). 05 FILLERPIC X(5) VALUE SPACES. 05 DET-CREDITSPIC 9(2). 05 FILLERPIC X(2)VALUE SPACES. 05 DET-TUITIONPIC 9(6). 05 FILLERPIC X(7)VALUE SPACES. 05 DET-UNION-FEEPIC 9(3). 05 FILLERPIC X(8)VALUE SPACES. 05 DET-SCHOLARSHIPPIC 9(5). 05 FILLERPIC X(6)VALUE SPACES. 05 DET-IND-BILLPIC 9(6). 05 FILLERPIC X(49)VALUE SPACES.