THE NITROGEN CYCLE.

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Presentation transcript:

THE NITROGEN CYCLE

Warm Up How much of the atmosphere is made up of Nitrogen? Why do plants and animals need nitrogen? Read “The nitrogen cycle” and answer questions 1-10

What is Nitrogen? -the most abundant element in the earths atmosphere (78% of the atmosphere) -can’t be absorbed by animals/plants until it is converted by the nitrogen cycle -needed to make protein

Nitrogen Fixation-converting nitrogen to ammonia. Bacteria along with electrical storms can help convert Nitrogen gas (N2) into ammonia (NH4+) Lightning provides sufficient energy to split the nitrogen atoms of nitrogen gas Forming oxides of nitrogen NOx and NO2 © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS

Nitrification-Ammonia to Nitrates by Bacteria This involves two oxidation processes The ammonia produced by ammonification is first converted to nitrite (by bacteria): NH3 + 11/2O2  NO2- + H2O The nitrite is then converted to nitrate (by bacteria): NO3- + 1/2O2  NO3- The bacteria to do this are chemoautotrophs © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS

Ammonification-Nitrogen to Ammonia by decomposition. Nitrogen enters the soil through the decomposition of protein in dead organic matter Creates ammonia © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS

Denitrification-Returning Nitrogen to the Atmosphere Nitrates and nitrites can be used for their oxygen for bacteria once the oxygen is used.....Nitrogen (N2) is returned to atmosphere. 2NO3-  3O2 + N2 2NO2-  2O2 + N2 © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS

Nitrogen from the atmosphere Out gasing Atmospheric fixation Atmospheric Nitrogen 4 000 000 000 Gt Root uptake Nitrate NO3- Plant protein Soil organic nitrogen Biological fixation © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS

Root nodules Alafalfa (Medicago sativa) USDA - ARS University of Sydney

The nitrogen fixers Cyanobacteria are nitrogen fixers that also fix carbon (these are photosynthetic) Rhizobium bacteria are mutualistic with certain plant species e.g. Legumes They grow in root nodules Azotobacter are bacteria associated with the rooting zone (the rhizosphere) of plants in grasslands © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS

The human impact Atmospheric Nitrogen Industrial fixation Nitrate NO3- Atmospheric fixation Out gassing Plant protein Atmospheric Nitrogen Ammonium NH4+ Soil organic nitrogen Industrial fixation Biological fixation © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS

Industrial N-Fixation The Haber-Bosch Process N2 + 3H2  2NH3 High temperatures (500°C) High pressures (250 atmospheres) The energy require comes from burning fossil fuels (coal, gas or oil) Hydrogen is produced from natural gas (methane) or other hydrocarbon © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS

The different sources of fixed nitrogen Production / M tonnes a-1 Biological 175 Industrial 50 Internal Combustion 20 Atmospheric 10 © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS

Eutrophication-Nitrogen into water. Nitrogen finding its way into bodies of water Usually washed from draining soil When fertiliser is added to these soils it too will be washed out into water bodies This leads to a serious form of water pollution © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS

Fertilisers washed into river or lake Sewage or other organic waste Eutrophication Fertilisers washed into river or lake ALGAL BLOOM Rapid growth of algae Dead leaves New limiting factor imposes itself Sewage or other organic waste Death of algae Decomposers (bacteria) increase in numbers © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS

Making things worse! Pollution from oil or detergents Decomposers (bacteria) increase in numbers Pollution from oil or detergents Hot water from industry (Thermal pollution) Increased Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) Reduction in dissolved O2 © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS

The death of a lake Death/emigration of freshwater fauna Reduction in dissolved O2 ANAEROBIC CONDITIONS Increased nitrite levels NO3-  NO2- Death/emigration of freshwater fauna Methaemoglobinaemia in infants Stomach cancer link (WHO limit for nitrates 10mg dm-3) © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS

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