Introduction to Sediment Sampling USGS Technical training in Support of Native American Relations (TESNAR) 2011 Klamath, Warm Springs, Yurok, and Karuk Tribes Chiloquin, OR September 19-23, 2011 Design and Function of Suspended-Sediment and Water-Quality Samplers

Sediment-discharge measurements in the United States began in 1838 when Captain Talcott sampled flows in the Mississippi River. In 1843, J.L. Riddle started another sampling program on the Mississippi River, collecting only surface samples that were assumed to represent the full depth In 1851, this assumption was proven false by a study that collected samples at discrete depths. In the late nineteenth century, sediment- sampling activities increased rapidly as Federal agencies organized civil ‑ works programs. For the most part, engineers in charge of these programs developed their own sampling equipment. By the 1930's, agencies had started to develop equipment for use by their agency, but there was little if any consistency in the design of instruments developed by each of the agencies. Questions - - What are some consequences of inaccurate data? What if the inaccuracy is not random, but biased? What of inconsistent data? Why do we need accurate and consistent samplers?

The Federal Interagency Sedimentation Project (FISP) was created in 1939 to unify and standardize the research and development activities of Federal agencies involved in fluvial sediment studies. Focus is to develop, test, and supply physical samplers that collect representative samples. More recently focus is also on indirect, surrogate methods of measurement and analysis. Instrument design, development, qa, supply; and research Question: recall definition of Representative Sample? Federal Interagency Sedimentation Project

To obtain a sample in such a way that the water-sediment mixture moves with no change in velocity as it leaves the ambient flow and enters the sampler intake. Critical step toward collecting a representative sample. Isokinetic Sampling:

Why do we need Isokinetic?

Relative Sampling Rate: Intake Velocity Divided by Stream Velocity Percent error Fraction of stream velocity

Isokinetic sampling (representative sample collection) is affected by; Sampler Design Vertical sampler transit rate Sample container (over) filling

WHAT ARE WE DEALING WITH? Changing Water Velocities Changing Suspended-Sediment Concentration

A suspended-sediment sampler is designed to account for all these ever changing conditions

Nozzle Nozzle Air Exhaust ContainerContainer Body PARTS OF A SAMPLERS

Sampler parts

Nozzle Taper

Suspended-Sediment Samplers Suspended-Sediment Samplers Depth IntegratingDepth Integrating PointPoint Water-Quality Samplers Water-Quality Samplers Depth IntegratingDepth Integrating TYPES OF SAMPLERS

DEPTH INTEGRATING

Sampled & Un-sampled Zones

FISPFISPTM US DH-48

FISPFISPTM US DH lbs

FISPFISPTM US D lbs

US DH lbs FISPFISPTM

Suspended-Sediment Samplers Suspended-Sediment Samplers Depth IntegratingDepth Integrating PointPoint Water-Quality Samplers Water-Quality Samplers Depth IntegratingDepth Integrating TYPES OF SAMPLERS

Point Sampler, Valve Closed

Point Sampler, Valve Open

US P-61-A1 FISPFISPTM

P-61-A1 Head Parts

Rechargeable Battery Pack US RBP-95

US P-61-A1 105 lbs FISPFISPTM

US P lbs FISPFISPTM

US P lbs FISPFISPTM

Suspended-Sediment Samplers Suspended-Sediment Samplers Depth IntegratingDepth Integrating PointPoint Water-Quality Samplers Water-Quality Samplers Depth IntegratingDepth Integrating Rigid Bottle Rigid Bottle Bag Bag TYPES OF SAMPLERS

US DH-81A FISPFISPTM

US D-95 FISPFISPTM

US DH-95 FISPFISPTM

Suspended-Sediment Samplers Suspended-Sediment Samplers Depth IntegratingDepth Integrating PointPoint Water-Quality Samplers Water-Quality Samplers Depth IntegratingDepth Integrating Ridged Ridged Bag Bag TYPES OF SAMPLERS

FISPFISPTM US D-96 US D-96-A1

FISPFISPTM US D-99

FISPFISPTM

The US DH-2 TM The sampler collects at least 1-liter of sample isokinectally to 35 ft. Approximate Length: 20 in., Width: 6 in. Weight: 30 lb FISP

LIMITATIONS Transit Rates & Depth  Rigid bottle  < 15 ft with D samplers  < 180 ft with P samplers  < 0.4 times the mean velocity  (based on approach angle and pressure equalization)  Bag  Up to 220 ft  0.4 times the mean velocity (based on approach angle)

Sampler Designation Nozzle ID (in) Container Size Max. Depth (ft) Min. Vel. (ft/sec) Max. Vel. (ft/sec) Unsampled Zone (in) Weight (lbs) US DH-481/4pint US DH-59¼, 3/16pint9, US DH-763/16, 1/4quart US DH-815/16, ¼, 3/16liter ,2.07.0, 7.6, US DH-955/16, ¼, 3/16liter152.1,1.7, , 7.0, US DH-25/16, ¼, 3/16liter13, 20, US D-74¼, 3/16pint/quart9, US D-74AL¼, 3/16pint/quart9, US D-955/16, ¼, 3/16liter151.7,1.7, , 6.7, US D-965/16, ¼, 3/163 liters39, 60, US D-96A15/16, ¼, 3/163 liters39, 60, US D-995/16, ¼, 3/166 liters78,120, , 3.0, US P-61A13/16pint/quart180, US P-633/16pint/quart180, US P-723/16pint/quart72,

FISPFISPTM US VTP-99

Operating Specifications ● Constant Speed ● 12 or 24 Volts ● Speed Setting: 0.1 to 4.5 ft/sec ● Bi-Directional Motor operation ● “B” & “E” Reels w/2 Pulley Sizes High-Torque Reel Drive System

Wireless Remote Control Unit Operating Specifications ● Works Up to >100 ft. Distance ● Will be Backward Compatible to Existing Reel Drive ● Has Many Advantages Over ‘Bluetooth’ Including Security ● No External Antenna Required ● 250k 2.4 GHz ● Very Long Battery Life ● Lower Cost Uses ZigBee ™ Wireless Technology High-Torque Reel Drive System

Information from FISP: Mark Landers- FISP Chief Phone: (770)

TO ORDER EQUIPMENET (Federal Agencies) USGS Hydrologic Instrumentation Facility Building 2101 Stennis Space Center, MS (800) ext USGS:

Non Federal Agencies use the following commercial distributors:

Geotech Environmental Equipment, Inc East 40 th Ave. Phone: (303) Fax: (303) Toll free: (800) Website: Rickly Hydrologic Company 1700 Joyce Ave Columbus, OH Phone: (614) Fax: (614) Website: Wildlife Supply Company 95 Botsford Place Buffalo, NY Phone: (800) Fax: (800) Website: