1 Academic Impact : What it means and how to calculate it Prof. Neal Ashkanasy

2 About the Presenter  Editor-in-Chief, Journal of Organizational Behavior ( )  Published by Wiley-Blackwell  First published in 1981  year Impact Factor =  Top 5, Applied Psychology  Associate Editor, Academy of Management Review ( )  Published by the Academy of Management  year Impact Factor =  #1 Journal in Management  Associate Editor, Emotion Review  Published by Sage on behalf of the International Society for Research on Emotions  year Impact Factor =  First published 2009  Book Series Editor, Research on Emotion in Organizations  Published by Emerald, JAI Press Imprint  First published in 2005  Editorial boards (selection)  Academy of Management Journal ( )  Journal of Applied Psychology  Academy of Management Learning & Education  Journal of Management  Personality & Individual Differences

3 Outline Citation Indices Meaning of citations Boosting your citations Journal Impact factors Concluding Comments

4 Citation Indexing Developed in its modern form by Eugene Garfield of the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) – Now published by Thomson Reuters Scientific The Web of Science (Thomson Reuter Scientific) – Sciences Citation Index (SCI) – Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI) – Arts & Humanities Citation Index (A&HCI) – Conference Proceeding Citation Index – Book Citation Index (New) – Select “All Databases” (broadest) Click the little orange down arrow next to “Web of Science Core Collection” to see the full menu (see next slide).

5 WoS Start Page Click to see menu, including “All databases” Click to see menu, including “Cited Reference Search”

6 Alternatives to WoS SCOPUS –Elsevier –Broader then SSCI –New: SCOPUS “Journal Analyzer” Research Gate Academia Google Scholar –See –“Publish or Perish” –Calculates ‘h’ and ‘g’ citation indices Authors Journals –Quick and easy to use

7 h- and g-indices Citations per publication Hirsch’s “h-index” – h = no. publications with at least h citations – e.g., h = 6 if six publications have been cited 6 or more times Egghe’s “g-index” – g = no. publications whose combined citation count is at least g 2 (or average citations for the top g pubs ≥ g) – e.g., g = 6 if the average no of citations for the top 6 publications is at least 6. – Gives more weight to highly cited articles than h.

8 Meaning of Citations Article is cited in WoS-Indexed journals – Citations in other journals and books do not count – But citations to non-WoS-Indexed journal articles, book chapters, and books are counted WoS is three databases! – (Source) “Search” – “Cited Reference Search” Click the little blue down arrow next to “Basic Search” (see Slide 5) – “Secret” data based used to calculate IF’s.

9 Why are articles cited? Genuine contribution to the literature – Ideas cited more than data – Books cited more than journal articles (??!!) Handy references – Review articles (e.g., AMR, JoM) – Snapshots (e.g., J. J. Ray in the 1980’s) ‘Bad’ citations? Fashion – Harzing’s study of mis-citations Harzing, A. W Are our referencing errors undermining our scholarship and credibility? The case of expatriate failure rates. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23:

10 Boosting Your Citations Publish in the top-tier journals Write quality articles that attract attention and interest Advertise Self-cite (!!??) Contact Thomson Reuters re. errors Make publications available in the public domain – See SHERPA RoMEO database –

11 Journal Impact Factor Calculated as N citations in year y to articles published in y-1 and y-2 divided by N “citable” articles published in y-1 and y-”2. E.g impact factor = Number of citations in 2013 to articles published in 2011 and 2012, divided by the number of “citable” articles published in 2011 and “Citable” articles = “Articles”, “Reviews”, and ( more recently) “Conference Proceedings”. E.g., AMR 2013 Impact Factor calculated as … – Total citations in 2013 to articles published in 2011 and 2012 = 469 Cites in 2013 to articles published in 2011 = 315; in 2012 = 154 – Total citable articles published in 2011 and 2012 = 60 Number of citable articles published in 2011 = 30; in 2012 = 30 – AMR’s 2013 Impact Factor = 469/60 = 7.817

12 5-Year Indices WoS recently introduced 5-year indices, more applicable to the social sciences where the review process is typically months rather than 6-12 months typical in the sciences 5-Year Impact Factor – Same as 2-year, but calculated over 5 years Article Influence Score – Takes account of the quality of the citing journals

Management Journals Ranked by 5-Year Impact Factor RankTitleNo. cites2-Year IF5-Year IFImmediacy Half-lifeEigenInfluence 1ACAD MANAG ANN ACAD MANAGE REV > ACAD MANAGE J > MIS QUART > J MANAGE > J OPER MANAG ADMIN SCI QUART > J APPL PSYCHOL > STRATEGIC MANAGE J > PERS PSYCHOL > ORGAN RES METHODS J INT BUS STUD ORGAN SCI > J MANAGE STUD J SUPPLY CHAIN MANAG J INF TECHNOL RES ORGAN BEHAV > J ORGAN BEHAV > INT J MANAG REV LONG RANGE PLANN >

14 Closing Comments Citations count more than ever as an index of impact Already the primary criterion in the sciences – Already a key criterion in the social sciences – Now becoming a key criterion in the organization sciences

15 Thank You!