Citizen’s Science with JellyWatch This PPT is designed as a Teacher Tutorial and as an Answer Key to the various species of Hydrozoa that might be used with this activity. Each slide provides an image and information currently available for 26 species of Hydrozoa. Sources for the images and information are also provided in the Notes section of each slide.

Proterozoic Eon - Vendian Era (560 MYA) The current fossil evidence suggests that Jellyfish evolved from the the Tribrachidium heraldicum during the Vendian Era of the Proterozoic Eon approximately 560 MYA. Fossils recovered in the Ediacara Hills of southeastern Australia in 1946. Images: Courtesy of UC Museum of Paleontology, www.ucmp.berkeley.edu. Accessed July 31, 2014 at: http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/vendian/ediacara.html Info: Courtesy of UC Museum of Paleontology, www.ucmp.berkeley.edu. Accessed July 31, 2014 at: http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/vendian/ediacara.html Hammond, G. 2009. "Hydrozoa" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed July 31, 2014 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Hydrozoa/http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Hydrozoa/ “Cnidarians.” Encyclopedia of Life. Accessed July 31, 2014 at http://eol.org/pages/1745/overview Courtesy of UC Museum of Paleontology, www.ucmp.berkeley.edu. Accessed July 31, 2014 at: http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/vendian/critters.html Ediacara fauna

It is thought that Tribrachidium heraldicum is a common ancestor to Cnidaria (corals, jellies, anemones) or Echinodermata (urchins, seastars). The former thoughts also posits that these invertebrates branched off into 2 new phyla of organisms: Anthozoans (corals) and Hydrozoans (jellies). Info: Courtesy of UC Museum of Paleontology, www.ucmp.berkeley.edu. Accessed July 31, 2014 at: http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/cnidaria/cnidariasy.html Courtesy of UC Museum of Paleontology, www.ucmp.berkeley.edu. Accessed July 31, 2014 at: http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/vendian/tribrach.html Image: Courtesy of UC Museum of Paleontology, www.ucmp.berkeley.edu. Accessed July 31, 2014 at: http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/cnidaria/cubozoasy.html

Four Classes of Hydrozoans Chondrophorina Siphonophorae Hydrozoa Carybdeids Chirodropids Cubozoa Scyphozoa True jellies There are currently between 2700 and 3600 species of Hydrozoans that are classified into these subgroups: Hydrozoa – most diverse group: siphonophores, hydroids, fire corals, medusae Cubozoa – box jellies (have complex eyes and dangerous toxins) Scyphozoa – true jellyfish Staurozoa – stalked jellyfish Range in size from 12mm to 2 meters in diameter. Tentacles can be as long as 40 meters. Info: Courtesy of UC Museum of Paleontology, www.ucmp.berkeley.edu. Accessed July 31, 2014 at: http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/cnidaria/cnidariasy.html Courtesy of UC Museum of Paleontology, www.ucmp.berkeley.edu. Accessed July 31, 2014 at: http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/vendian/tribrach.html Courtesy of UC Museum of Paleontology, www.ucmp.berkeley.edu. Accessed July 31, 2014 at: http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/vendian/ediacara.html Hammond, G. 2009. "Hydrozoa" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed July 31, 2014 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Hydrozoa/http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Hydrozoa/ “Cnidarians.” Encyclopedia of Life. Accessed July 31, 2014 at http://eol.org/pages/1745/overview Courtesy of UC Museum of Paleontology, www.ucmp.berkeley.edu. Accessed July 31, 2014 at: http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/vendian/critters.htm Staurozoa Stalked jellies

Porpita porpita (Blue button) Habitat bay, beach, Mediterranean sea biome, more Water depth 4,919 m max Water temperature 1.46 degrees C min 28.7 degrees C max Geographic distribution European waters Gulf of Mexico Mediterranean Sea more Latitude -20.4 degrees min, 43.7 degrees max Longitude -158 degrees min, 132.39 degrees max Image: Schuchert, P. (2014). Porpita Lamarck, 1801. In: Schuchert, P. (2014) World Hydrozoa database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=117199 on 2014-07-31 Info: “Porpita porpita: Blue button.” Encyclopedia of Life. Accessed July 31, 2014 at: http://eol.org/pages/1015954/overview

Velella velella (By-the-wind sailor) Habitat bay, beach, island, more Water depth 2,977 m max Water Temperature 2.54 degrees Celsius min 24.99 degrees Celsius Geographic distribution - Azores, Belgian Coast, more Latitude -38.6 degrees min, 57.28 degrees max Longitude -131 degrees mi Image: Bryant, Peter J. “Velella velella (By-the-wind-sailor)” Encyclopedia of Life. Accessed July 31, 2014 at: http://eol.org/data_objects/13144693. Info: Hammock, Jennifer. “Velella velella (By-the-wind-sailor)” Encyclopedia of Life. Accessed July 31, 2014 at: eol.org/pages/1006207/overview. Calderon, A. 2000. "Velella velella" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed July 31, 2014 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Velella_velella/. Peter J. Bryant

(Portugese man-of-war) Physalia physalis (Portugese man-of-war) Habitat bar, bay, beach, more Water depth 4,976 m max Water temp. -1.04 degrees Celsius min 27.89 degrees Celsius max Geographic distribution Atlantic, Atlantic Europe, Australian part of the Bass Strait, more Latitude -67.2 degrees min 54.03 degrees max Longitude -158 degrees min 147.18 degrees max JELLYWATCH DATA: Physalia; Physalia utriculus; Physalia physalis; Man of War Image: Michigan Science Art. Myers, P., R. Espinosa, C. S. Parr, T. Jones, G. S. Hammond, and T. A. Dewey. 2014. The Animal Diversity Web (online). Accessed July 31, 2014 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Physalia_physalis/pictures/collections/contributors/Grzimek_inverts/Hydrozoa/Physalia_physalis_polyp/ Info: Myers, P., R. Espinosa, C. S. Parr, T. Jones, G. S. Hammond, and T. A. Dewey. 2014. The Animal Diversity Web (online). Accessed July 31, 2014 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Physalia_physalis/pictures/collections/contributors/Grzimek_inverts/Hydrozoa/Physalia_physalis_polyp/ http://eol.org/pages/1005764/overview

Phialella zappai (NCN) Geographic distribution East North Pacific Image: “Phialella zappai.” Encyclopedia of Life. Accessed July 31, 2014 at: http://eol.org/data_objects/28681044. Info: “Phialella zappai.” Encyclopedia of Life. Accessed July 31, 2014 at: http://eol.org/pages/202368/overview

Liriope tetraphylla (NCN) Habitat bay, Mediterranean sea Biome Tropical Water depth 2,725 m max Water temp. 0.33 degrees C min, 28.61 degrees C max Geographic distribution Azores Exclusive Economic Zone European waters (ERMS scope) Gulf of Mexico more Latitude -29.1 degrees min, 50.77 degrees max Longitude -129 degrees min 144.27 degrees max Image: Freshwater and Marine Image Bank, University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections Hargitt, Charles W. 1905. Medusae of the Woods Hole Region. Washington, DC : Government Printing Office. Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries, Vol.24, 1904; Plate V-4. Accessed July 31, 2014 at: http://eol.org/data_objects/19677193 Info: “Liriope tetraphylla.” Encyclopedia of Life. Accessed July 31, 2014 at: http://eol.org/pages/1005707/overview.

Aglantha digitale (Pink helmet) Habitat: back-arc basin, bay Water depth: 4938m Geographic distribution: Arctic Ocean, Barents Sea Latitude: -22.3 degrees min 89.4 degrees max Longitude: -180 degrees min JELLYWATCH DATA: Aglantha digitale; Images: “Aglantha digitale: Pink Helmet.” Encyclopedia of Life. Accessed July 31, 2014 at: http://eol.org/pages/204119/overview. Info:

Aequorea victoria (Water jellyfish) Habitat coast, Mediterranean sea Biome pelagic zone, more Water depth 6 m max Water temp. 10.15 degrees C max 9.97 degrees C min Geographic distribution Canadian Exclusive Economic Zone [Pacific part] East North Pacific FAO fishing area 67, more Latitude 52.15 degrees min 53.2 degrees max Longitude -131 degrees max -132 degrees min JELLYWATCH DATA: Aequorea; Aequorea forskalea; Aequorea victoria Image: Leo Shapiro. “Aequorea victoria: Water jellyfish.” Encyclopedia of Life. Accessed July 31, 2014 at: http://eol.org/pages/201521/overview. Info:

Carukia barnesi (Irukandji) Range depth: near surface to 10-20 m. Habitat Regions: saltwater or marine Aquatic Biomes: reef; coastal Geographic distribution: Indo-Pacific Image: Schiazza, Luciano. “Irukandji Syndrome.” Accessed July 31, 2014 at: http://www.lucianoschiazza.it/Documenti%20new/Sindrome_irukandji_eng.html Info: Patel, V. and S. Ruzi 2012. "Carukia barnesi" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed July 31, 2014 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Carukia_barnesi/ 2009. "Irukandji syndrome" (On-line). Dr. Luciano Schiazza. Accessed July 31, 2014 at http://www.lucianoschiazza.it/Documenti%20new/Sindrome_irukandji_eng.html.

(Box jelly or Marine stinger) Carybdea sivickisi (Box jelly or Marine stinger) Habitat: ocean, sea, beach, subtropical, more Geographic distribution: Central Indo- Pacific, New Zealand Exclusive Economic Zone Latitude: 33.69 degrees max, 33.69 degrees min Longitude: 135.34 degrees min, 135.34 degrees max Image: Migotto, Alvaro. “Mature female Carybdea sivickisi squashed like a Chinese lantern, a diurnal resting position. Feeding and mating occur at night.” Encyclopedia of Life. Accessed July 31, 2014 at: http://eol.org/data_objects/13144388 Info: “Carybdea sivickisi.” Encyclopedia of Life. Accessed July 31, 2014 at: http://eol.org/pages/200789/overview Alvaro Migotto

(Sea wasp or Box Jellyfish) Chironex fleckeri (Sea wasp or Box Jellyfish) Habitat: bay, fresh water, mangrove biome, more Water depth: 25 m min; 40 m max Water temp.: 28.19 degrees C max, 28.19 degrees C min Geographic distribution: Australia Latitude: -12.5 degrees max, -17.8 degrees min Longitude: 128.78 degrees min, 146.1 degrees max Image: “Box Jellyfish (Chironex fleckeri).” Encyclopedia of Life. Accessed July 31, 2014 at: http://eol.org/pages/200766/overview. Info: “Box Jellyfish (Chironex fleckeri).” Encyclopedia of Life. Accessed July 31, 2014 at: http://eol.org/pages/200766/overview.

Chiropsalmus quadrumanus (Four-handed box jellyfish) Habitat Regions: marine Geographic distribution: Gulf of Mexico, North and West Atlantic (Carolinian, Cape Hatteras through Florida) Image: Myers, P., R. Espinosa, C. S. Parr, T. Jones, G. S. Hammond, and T. A. Dewey. 2014. The Animal Diversity Web (online). Accessed July 31, 2014 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Chiropsalmus_quadrumanus/pictures/collections/contributors/jo_okeefe/chirops_quadrum_100_9593/ Info: Collins, Allen G. (2014). Chiropsalmus quadrumanus (F. Muller, 1859). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=157924 on 2014-07-31

Aurelia aurita (Moon jellyfish) Habitat Regions: saltwater or marine Aquatic Biomes: reef; lakes & ponds, coastal; warm tropical waters Geographic distribution: Indian, Atlantic, Pacific Oceans JELLYWATCH DATA: Aurelia aurita; Aurelia; Moon jelly Image: Myers, P., R. Espinosa, C. S. Parr, T. Jones, G. S. Hammond, and T. A. Dewey. 2014. The Animal Diversity Web (online). Accessed July 31, 2014 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Aurelia_aurita/pictures/collections/contributors/Grzimek_inverts/Scyphozoa/Aurelia_aurita/. Info: Rodriguez, R. 1999. "Aurelia aurita" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed July 31, 2014 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Aurelia_aurita/

Aurelia labiata (Moon jellyfish) Depth Range: 0 – 1000m Habitat Regions: Temperate - bays, harbors Aquatic Biomes: coastal and pelagic Geographic distribution: Pacific Ocean, San Diego to Alaska Image: Myers, P., R. Espinosa, C. S. Parr, T. Jones, G. S. Hammond, and T. A. Dewey. 2014. The Animal Diversity Web (online). Accessed July 31, 2014 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Aurelia_labiata/pictures/collections/contributors/contributed/jellies/. Info: MacMullan, C. 2005. "Aurelia labiata" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed July 31, 2014 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Aurelia_labiata/

(Upside-down jellyfish) Cassiopea xamachana (Upside-down jellyfish) Range depth: Shallow Areas (low) m Biogeographic Regions: Atlantic Ocean (native), Pacific ocean & Mediterranean Sea (introduced) Habitat Regions: tropical, saltwater or marine Aquatic Biomes: Benthic, reef Image: Myers, P., R. Espinosa, C. S. Parr, T. Jones, G. S. Hammond, and T. A. Dewey. 2014. The Animal Diversity Web (online). Accessed July 31, 2014 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Cassiopea_xamachana/pictures/collections/contributors/Grzimek_inverts/Scyphozoa/Cassiopea_xamachana/. Info: Post, M. and P. Sacca 2012. "Cassiopea xamachana" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed July 31, 2014 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Cassiopea_xamachana/

Chrysaora fuscescens (Sea nettle) Range depth: Epipelagic Biogeographic Regions: Japan, Siberia, Alaska to Mexico, common in central California & Oregon Habitat Regions: pelagic on open coast Aquatic Biomes: Benthic, reef Image: (Photo by:  Dave Cowles, August 2010) Cowles, Dave. Chrysaora fuscensens. Accessed July 31, 2014 at: http://www.wallawalla.edu/academics/departments/biology/rosario/inverts/Cnidaria/Class-Scyphozoa/Order-Semaeostomeae/Family-Pelagiidae/Chrysaora_fuscescens.html Info: Dave Cowles

Chrysaora hysoscella (Compass jellyfish) Range depth: 30 to 2 meters Geographic Regions: Celtic, Irish, North Seas, Mediterranean Sea, South Africa Habitat Regions: Temperate, saltwater, marine Aquatic Biomes: Pelagic, coastal Latitude: 50.0 degrees to 52 degrees North Image: Myers, P., R. Espinosa, C. S. Parr, T. Jones, G. S. Hammond, and T. A. Dewey. 2014. The Animal Diversity Web (online). Accessed July 31, 2014 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Chrysaora_hysoscella/pictures/collections/contributors/valter_jacinto/DSC00762/. Info: Dawson, K. and C. Giordano 2013. "Chrysaora hysoscella" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed July 31, 2014 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Chrysaora_hysoscella/

Chrysaora quinquecirrha (Sea nettle) Geographic Regions: Indian & Atlantic (native), Pacific (introduced) Habitat Regions: Temperate, Tropical, saltwater, marine, estuarine, intertidal Aquatic Biomes: Coastal, brackish water Image: Myers, P., R. Espinosa, C. S. Parr, T. Jones, G. S. Hammond, and T. A. Dewey. 2014. The Animal Diversity Web (online). Accessed July 31, 2014 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Chrysaora_quinquecirrha/pictures/collections/contributors/Grzimek_inverts/Scyphozoa/Chrysaora_quinquecirrha/. Info: Lanier, N. 2011. "Chrysaora quinquecirrha" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed July 31, 2014 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Chrysaora_quinquecirrha/

Craspedacusta sowerbyi (Freshwater jellyfish) Geographic Region: Nearctic Habitat Regions: Temperate, tropical, freshwater Aquatic Biomes: Lakes and ponds, rivers and streams Image: Myers, P., R. Espinosa, C. S. Parr, T. Jones, G. S. Hammond, and T. A. Dewey. 2014. The Animal Diversity Web (online). Accessed July 31, 2014 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Craspedacusta_sowerbyi/pictures/collections/contributors/Grzimek_inverts/Hydrozoa/Craspedacusta_sowerbyi_medu/. Info: Erwin, A. 2000. "Craspedacusta sowerbyi" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed July 31, 2014 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Craspedacusta_sowerbyi/

Cyanea arctica or capillata (Lion’s mane) Geographic Regions: Atlantic & Pacific (native) Habitat Regions: Cooler regions of Atlantic, Pacific, North Sea, and Baltic Sea Aquatic Biomes: Pelagic & Benthic Image: Northern Light Charters, Achnacraig, Achindarroch, Duror, Argyll PA38 4BS. Accessed July 31, 2014 at http://www.northernlight-uk.com/underwater_gallery.htm. Info: Naylor, B. 2000. "Cyanea capillata" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed July 31, 2014 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Cyanea_capillata/

(Kaleidoscope jellyfish) Haliclystus auricula (Kaleidoscope jellyfish) Biogeographic Regions: Northern Pacific Ocean Habitat Regions: Eelgrass beds Aquatic Biomes: Cool coastal, estuarine Image: Myers, P., R. Espinosa, C. S. Parr, T. Jones, G. S. Hammond, and T. A. Dewey. 2014. The Animal Diversity Web (online). Accessed July 31, 2014 at http://animaldiversity.org. Info: Naik, S. 2000. "Haliclystus auricula" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed July 31, 2014 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Haliclystus_auricula/

Linuche unguiculata (Thimble jellyfish) Range depth: 0 – 5000m Biogeographic Regions: Western, Tropical Atlantic, West Indies & Bahamas Habitat Regions: Tropical, saltwater, marine Aquatic Biomes: Pelagic Image: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Linuche_unguiculata/pictures/collections/contributors/Grzimek_inverts/Scyphozoa/Linuche_unguiculata/ Myers, P., R. Espinosa, C. S. Parr, T. Jones, G. S. Hammond, and T. A. Dewey. 2014. The Animal Diversity Web (online). Accessed July 31, 2014 at http://animaldiversity.org. Info: DuBay, M. 2011. "Linuche unguiculata" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed July 31, 2014 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Linuche_unguiculata/

Mastigias papua (Golden medusa) Range depth: 1m Biogeographic Regions: Indian Ocean, China Sea to Japan, Pacific Ocean Habitat Regions: Temperate, saltwater, marine Aquatic Biomes: Pelagic, coastal Image: Dawson, M.N., Jellyfish Feature. How the Jellyfish Lost Its Spots. 2005. Accessed July 31, 2014 at: http://thescyphozoan.ucmerced.edu/Org/JotQ/JotQ_05May.html Info: Dawson, M.N., Jellyfish Feature. How the Jellyfish Lost Its Spots. 2005. Accessed July 31, 2014 at: http://thescyphozoan.ucmerced.edu/Org/JotQ/JotQ_05May.html Chang, Y. 2011. "Mastigias papua" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed July 31, 2014 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Mastigias_papua/ M. N Dawson

(Purple-striped jellyfish) Pelagia noctiluca (Purple-striped jellyfish) Range depth: 1m Biogeographic Regions: Mediterranean and Atlantic Ocean Habitat Regions: Temperate, pelagic, coastal, benthic Aquatic Biomes: Pelagic, coastal Image: Myers, P., R. Espinosa, C. S. Parr, T. Jones, G. S. Hammond, and T. A. Dewey. 2014. The Animal Diversity Web (online). Accessed July 31, 2014 at http://animaldiversity.org. Info: Leverenz, E. 2000. "Pelagia noctiluca" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed July 31, 2014 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Pelagia_noctiluca/

Periphylla periphylla (Crown or Helmet jellyfish) Range depth: 0 – 1000m Biogeographic Regions: All but the Arctic Habitat Regions: Temperate, Tropical, Polar, saltwater, marine Aquatic Biomes: Pelagic Image: Myers, P., R. Espinosa, C. S. Parr, T. Jones, G. S. Hammond, and T. A. Dewey. 2014. The Animal Diversity Web (online). Accessed July 31, 2014 at http://animaldiversity.org. Info: Singichetti, B. 2011. "Periphylla periphylla" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed July 31, 2014 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Periphylla_periphylla/

(White-spotted jellyfish) Phyllorhiza punctata (White-spotted jellyfish) Biogeographic Regions: Australia, Hawaii, Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico (introduced) Habitat Regions: Tropical, saltwater, estuarine, harbors, bays JELLYWATCH DATA: Acromitus flagellatus; Image: Guidebook of Introduced Marine Species of Hawaii. Hawaii Biological Survey, Bishop Museum. 2002. Accessed July 31, 2014 at: http://www2.bishopmuseum.org/HBS/invertguide/species/phyllorhiza_punctata.htm Info: Phyllorhiza punctata (Australian Spotted Jelly). Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce. 2007. Accessed July 31, 2014 at: http://www.sms.si.edu/irLspec/Phyllorhiza_punctata.htm

Stomolophus meleagris (Cannonball jellyfish) Biogeographic Regions: Atlantic & Pacific Ocean, Sea of Japan, South China Sea Habitat Regions: Tropical, saltwater, marine Aquatic Biomes: Coastal, estuarine Image: Myers, P., R. Espinosa, C. S. Parr, T. Jones, G. S. Hammond, and T. A. Dewey. 2014. The Animal Diversity Web (online). Accessed July 31, 2014 at http://animaldiversity.org. Info: Afford, H. and T. Patel 2013. "Stomolophus meleagris" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed July 31, 2014 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Stomolophus_meleagris/ Jo O'Keefe

Thalassocalyce inconstans (Ctenophore) Biogeographic Regions: Gulf of Mexico, West North Atlantic Habitat Regions: Bay, Marine Latitude: 22.28 degrees min; 27.47 degrees max Longitude: -82.7 degrees max -97.8 degrees min Image: Myers, P., R. Espinosa, C. S. Parr, T. Jones, G. S. Hammond, and T. A. Dewey. 2014. The Animal Diversity Web (online). Accessed July 31, 2014 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/collections/contributors/Grzimek_inverts/Ctenophora/v01_id221_con_feeding/. Info: Wright, J. 2014. "Ctenophora" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed July 31, 2014 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Ctenophora/ WoRMS (2014). Thalassocalyce inconstans Madin & Harbison, 1978. Accessed July 31, 2014 through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=265827 on 2014-07-31

Jellyfish Life Cycle Image: Smithsonian Ocean Portal. Ocean Portal: Find Your Blue. Jellyfish Lifecycle and Reproduction. 2013. Accessed July 31, 2014 at: http://ocean.si.edu/ocean-photos/jellyfish-lifecycle-and-reproduction

This infographic provides one option for students to use to communicate their findings during their Jellyfish Investigation.

This sample rubric can be used in the assessment of this infographic