Development Area vs. Approach Child Psychology Infancy Adolescence Adulthood Old Age Prenatal

Development Life-Span Human Development From Conception to Death

Zygote to Infant

Prenatal Development  Stage 1 = Zygote ( the fertilized egg)  2 week period of rapid cell division (undifferentiated)  Ends with implantation to uterine wall  Over half do not successfully implant

Prenatal Development  Stage 2 = Embryo  human organism from 2 weeks through 8 weeks –Begins with implantation to the uterine wall –Placenta and major organs form, heart beats, liver makes red blood cells

Prenatal Development  Stage 3 = Fetus  human organism from 8 weeks after conception to birth  rapid growth of brain and body in final 3 months

Prenatal Development  Nature AND nurture matter in utero  Critical periods (nurture) – particular stages of development when certain environmental influences have the most impact  Teratogen - any factor (e.g., chemicals, viruses) that can reach the embryo or fetus and cause a birth defect  Nicotine – low birth weight, learning disabilities  Marijuana – irritability, nervousness, tremors  Cocaine – respiratory problems, learning disabilities, seizures

Prenatal Development  Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)  physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking (five drinks per day)  symptoms include facial misproportions, mental retardation, behavior problems

Critical Period: Thalidomide Poor Nutrition (e.g., protein deficiency)

Nature vs. Nurture Nature Genetics Nurture Experience Environment Learning Heritability

Conception and Twins Monozygotic twins – (identical twins) –one zygote splits into two separate but identical masses of cells –each develops into a separate embryo. Dizygotic twins – (fraternal twins) –two eggs are separately fertilized by different sperm –each develops into a separate zygote, then a separate embryo.

Nature vs. Nurture Nature Genetics Nurture Experience Environment Learning Heritability Twin Studies Monozygotic (identical) vs. Dizygotic (fraternal)

Cognitive Development Piaget (Cognitive) 1.Sensorimotor 2.Preoperational primitive concepts 3. Concrete Operational rules 4. Formal Operational abstract Movement & Manipulation Object Permanence Single words, egocentrism Movement & Manipulation Conservation Hypothetical reasoning

Cognitive Development Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Schema Cognitive structure Accommodation Creating or extending a schema Assimilation Using an existing schema

Cognitive & Moral Development Piaget (Cognitive) 1.Sensorimotor 2.Preoperational primitive concepts 3. Concrete Operational rules 4. Formal Operational abstract hypothetical reasoning Kohlberg (Moral) 1.(none) 2.Preconventional reward/punishment 3. Conventional rules 4. Post-Conventional Moral Dilemmas

Studying Development Cross-Sectional Age Cohort Longitudinal Time Series

Adult Development 1.Independence 2.Marriage 3.Parenthood 4.Career 5.Mid-Life Crisis 6. Post-Parental 7. Separation Distress 8. Old Age 9. Death Stage -- Crisis

Marital Satisfaction over the Life Span