Responsible Conduct of Research CUNY Policies & Procedures Vice Chancellor for Research Gillian Small April 17, 2012

CUNY RCR training requirements for students and postdoctoral researchers: CITI on-line modules in RCR RCR workshops Individual training by faculty (Principal Investigator) See: RCR Training

Miguel Roig, Avoiding plagiarism, self-plagiarism, and other questionable writing practices: a guide to ethical writing MJ Bebeau, KD Pumple, KMT Muskavitch, SL Borden and DH Smith, Moral Reasoning in Scientific Research Additional RCR Resources

(in part from MJ Bebeau et.al.) Rules: Rules that require appropriate research conduct include federal rules, funder’s rules and institutional rules (e.g. attending this workshop!) Ethics: Development of ethical sensitivity, critical thinking skills, and habits that prepare students to effectively resolve problems as they emerge (more than just cognizance of the rules) RCR Goals

What are the rules? Do not engage in Research Misconduct! The CUNY Research Misconduct policy is based on the 2005 DHHS Final Rule and applies to allegations of: Fabrication Falsification Plagiarism See : Research/CUNY_Research_Misconduct_Policy-2.pdf Research/CUNY_Research_Misconduct_Policy-2.pdf

Fabrication: making up data or results and recording or reporting them. Falsification: manipulating research materials, equipment, or processes, or changing or omitting data or results such that the research is not accurately represented in the research record. Plagiarism: the appropriation of another person's ideas, processes, results, or words without giving appropriate credit. Definitions

Fabrication In 1974 Sloan-Kettering Cancer Institute researcher Dr. William Summerlin colored patches of fur on white mice with a black marker in an attempt to prove that his new skin graft treatment was working. In 2005, a top obesity researcher at the University of Vermont, admitted that over the course of 10 years he fabricated data in 17 federal grant applications, resulting in nearly $3 million in government research funds. He was sentenced to serve a year and a day in federal prison. Examples

Falsification In October 2011, the ORI found that a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Michigan Medical School intentionally falsified data related to 5 Western blot experiments and switched the labels on 4 cell culture dishes. He is debarred from contracting with, or serving in an advisory capacity for any Public Health Service agency. Examples

Plagiarism Appropriating an idea (e.g., an explanation, a theory, a conclusion, a hypothesis, a metaphor) in whole or in part, or with superficial modifications without giving credit to its originator Any verbatim text taken from another author must be enclosed in quotation marks *From ORI website: Note: federal agencies now check submitted grant proposals for potential plagiarism

Self-plagiarism The publication of what is essentially the same paper in more than one journal, but without any indication that the paper has been published elsewhere The partitioning of a large study which should have been reported in a single paper into smaller published studies Copyright infringement *From ORI website:

Plagiarism In Nov 2011, the ORI found that a researcher at the University of Virginia Medical Center plagiarized large amounts of text and an illustration from other funded research in five publications he authored. Outcome: The researcher must submit a retraction letter to one of the journals, have his research supervised and certified for credibility with ORI approval for 4 years, and exclude himself from service for any Public Health Service agency. Example

Rules…. You must also, as appropriate, learn and follow all guidelines pertaining to research involving animals, human subjects, chemical and/or other types of hazards

You should be aware of the following committees and/or positions, some or all of which exist on your campus: IACUC (institutional animal care and use committee) IBC (institutional biosafety committee) IRB (institutional review board for research involving human subjects) RIO (research integrity officer) University Resources

RCR Scenarios

Scenario 1 Dealing with Suspicions of Misconduct RCR Scenarios

How should Dr. deSteamroller respond to this complaint? How should he deal with: The student, Nigel? The postdoc, Dr. Lansing? The data that have now been called into question? The institution in which all three individuals work? The journal in which the possibly fraudulent data were reported? Scenario 1 Fabrication

Scenario 2 RCR Scenarios

Was Eric justified in removing the data points? Are there legitimate ways to handle or exclude outliers? Scenario 2 Falsification

RCR Scenarios Scenario 3

When writing a paper, can you copy the materials and method from a previous paper? Can you copy the introduction? Can you self plagiarize? Scenario 3 Plagiarism

Responsible Conduct of Research: An Overview Farida Lada University Director for Research Compliance April 17, 2012

Set expectations Clarify evaluation criteria Clear distribution of responsibilities Standard operating procedures Criteria for establishing authorship & ownership Awareness of and compliance with RCR requirements Mentor / Trainee Responsibilities

Responsibility Assess project for quality Make judgment regarding importance of research being proposed Responsible conduct Timely review Constructive feedback Free from personal bias Maintain confidentiality Peer Review

Authors Made significant contribution to the research Assumed responsibility for data collection and analysis Participated in drafting the publication Approved the final publication Improper practices Honorary authorship Duplicate publication Publication Practices & Responsible Authorship

Data Ownership Funding agency – grants vs. contracts Institution CUNY IP Policy ( Data source Data Collection Appropriate methods for data collection and analysis Data recorded such that date and order of data collection can be validated Authorization Human & animal subject Hazardous material and biological agent use Proprietary data Copyrighted or patented materials Data Management

Data Protection Proper storage to avoid accidental damage, loss or theft Confidentiality & privacy agreements honored Data retention according to contract and/or institutional practice Data Sharing Data transfer from CUNY requires a data transfer agreement Preliminary data need not be released until validated and published or publicly announced Once published, data should be freely available for other researchers Data Management

Financial Conflict of Interest CUNY Conflict of Interest Policy Sponsor reporting requirements Conflict of Commitment Relationships with individuals or entities Use of resources Honor time commitments that are made Conflict of Interest

Roles & Relationships Define each collaborator’s role in the project Ensure common understanding of the research goals Be familiar with each institution’s intellectual property and ownership policies Financial Management Ensure that all collaborators are in compliance with funding agency’s financial management rules Training & Supervision Management plan should address training & supervision of all research team members Be familiar with institutional requirements Collaborative Research

Formal Agreements Memorandums of Understanding Material Transfer Agreement Data Transfer Agreement Compliance Management plan should address how compliance with regulatory and institutional requirements will be ensured Collaborative Research

Environmental Health, Safety & Risk Management Policies and procedures for lab safety, hazardous materials, health safety, radiation safety Training, audits and oversight Institutional Biosafety Committee Recombinant DNA & gene therapy research Risk group 2 or higher infectious agents use Use of transgenic animals Biosafety

Controls Commerce Department’s dual use controls Hardware, software, materials, equipment, technology & technological data that have civilian AND inherent military or defense application State Department’s defense-based controls Defense articles and activities specifically designed or modified for defense or military application without a civil equivalent Treasury Department’s economic embargo controls Restrict transactions with certain countries Cuba, Iran, Syria & Sudan restricted for our purposes Requirements Prior authorization or license may be required Exceptions for fundamental research activities No publication or citizenship restrictions accepted by any sponsor Export Control

Presentation by Angela Cartmell, Administrator, Office for Protection of Research Subjects, College of Staten Island Protection of Human Subjects & Animal Welfare

RCR Scenarios Scenario 4

How would you feel if you were: Kim? Ed? Dr. PCR? Would the feelings depend upon whether authorship and author order had been discussed openly at various times? Scenario 4 Authorship

May a Professor submit a paper without a co-author postdoc, student, or colleague having seen it? Scenario 4 Authorship

Scenario 5 RCR Scenarios

Is it appropriate for a graduate student or postdoc to ask to take materials with them when they leave the research group? At what point should this conversation take place? Scenario 5 What May I Take With Me?

Scenario 6 RCR Scenarios

Do you really have an obligation to share materials immediately under these circumstances? Where might you look for advice in this circumstance? Are there any other alternatives that could be explored? Scenario 6 Competition and Collaboration

Scenario 7 RCR Scenarios

What are the appropriate steps to carry out such a survey? Can such a survey be made mandatory for current students? What options should be made available for current students who are not interested in taking this survey? Scenario 7 Human Subjects Research

Questions?