MYCOLOGY - STUDY OF MOLDS (FILAMENTOUS ORGANISMS) AND YEASTS (SINGLE CELLS WHICH PRODUCE PROGENY BY BUDDING, USUALLY)   EUKARYOTES, PRIMITIVE PLANTS, 5-10 μM DIAMETER 30 MEGA BASE PAIR GENOMES; SEVERAL CHROMOSOMES; 5,000 GENES CELL WALL WITH CHITIN (N-ACETYL GLUCOSEAMINE POLYSACCHARIDE), ABSORPTIVE NUTRITION, LACK CHLOROPHYLL, NO PHOTOSYNTHESIS FORM SPORES, NON-MOTILE, TOLERATE DRYNESS, HIGH OSMOTIC PRESSURE, ACID AND ALKALINE ENVIRONMENTS SAPROPHYTES - DECAY DEAD CREATURES (& PERMIT RECYLCING) - RELEASE HYDROLYTIC ENZYMES WHICH DIGEST EXTERNAL FOOD

MOLDS - LONG, BRANCHED FILAMENTS - HYPHAE COENOCYTIC - NO PERPENDICULAR CROSS WALLS SEPTATE - WITH CROSS WALLS WITH PORES GROW BY EXTENSION, BRANCHING MYCELIUM - MASS OF HYPHAE - COLONY SPORES - DORMANT, CAN GERMINATE   YEASTS - UNICELLULAR, SINGLE NUCLEUS, BUD PROGENY (USUALLY) DIMORPHIC FUNGI - SOME WHICH CAUSE DISEASE - YEAST FORM IN THE ANIMAL, FILAMENTOUS FORM ON CULTURE MEDIA

REPRODUCTION ASEXUAL - MITOSIS FOLLOWED BY: TRANSVERSE CELL WALL FORMATION FORMING TWO EQUAL DAUGHTER CELLS BINARY FISSION BUDDING FORMING MOTHER CELL AND NEW BUD TRANSVERSE CELL WALL FORMATION FORMING SPORES WITHIN A HYPHA OR AT THE END SEXUAL – HOMOTHALLIC - SELF-FERTILIZING, COMPATIBLE GAMETES ON THE SAME MYCELIUM HETEROTHALLIC - CROSSING BETWEEN DIFFERENT BUT COMPATIBLE MYCELIA. HAPLOID GAMETES FUSE; DIPLOID GAMETES; MEIOSIS, HAPLOID SPORES

ZYGOMYCETES COENOCYTIC - HAPLOID NUCLEI, HYPHA RHIZOIDS EXTEND DOWN INTO SUBSTRATE, ABSORB NUTRIENTS STOLONS - ERECT HYPHAE, FORM SPORANGIA WITH BLACK SPORANGIOSPORES E.G., COMMON BLACK BREAD MOLD: RHIZOPUS NIGRICANS ASCOMYCETES SEPTATE HYPHAE, CONIDIOSPORES AT END OF CONIDIOPHORE ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS - UBIQUITOUS - HOMES, ALLERGIC REACTIONS, ASTHMA, SINUSITIS, OPPORTUNISTIC PATHOGEN ESPECIALLY IN HIV+ PEOPLE ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS - AFLATOXINS PENICILLIUM NOTATUM - FIRST PENICILLIN PENICILLIUM ROQUEFORTI – CHEESE SOFTENING/RIPENING CLAVICEPS PURPUREA - ERGOT OF RYE – PLANT DISEASE ERGOTISM IN PEOPLE - ERGOT TOXIN - CONTAINS LYSERGIC ACID- USED TO SYNTHESIZE LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE -LSD VASOCONSTRICTION - GANGRENE, AMPUTATIONS NEUROTRANSMISSION - SEVERE BURNING SENSATION; HALLUCINATIONS, CONVULSIONS, DEATH COMMON – EUROPE – MIDDLE AGES

BASIDIOMYCETES MUSHROOMS - DIPLOID HYPHAE GROWING IN SOIL ASSEMBLE TO PUSH THROUGH SOIL; FORM CAP UNDER WHICH BASIDIOSPORES DEVELOP EDIBLE, BUT MUSHROOM POISONING

Rhizopus nigricans – Pin-head mold SPORANGIA STOLON GERMINATING SPORE AERIAL HYPHA HYPHA ABSORBING HYPHA RHIZOID

SPORANGIOSPORES IN SACS (SPORANGIA) Rhizopus nigricans

ASPERGILLUS NIDULANS – CONIDIOSPORES AT ENDS OF CONIDIOPHORES

CONIDIOSPORES AT ENDS OF CONIDIOPHORES Penicillium notatum CONIDIOSPORES AT ENDS OF CONIDIOPHORES

CONIDIOSPORES AT ENDS OF CONIDIOPHORES Penicillium roqueforti CONIDIOSPORES AT ENDS OF CONIDIOPHORES

BLUE-GREEN CONIDIOSPORES OF Penicillium roqueforti ROQUEFORT CHEESE BLUE-GREEN CONIDIOSPORES OF Penicillium roqueforti

LIFE OF A MUSHROOM NOT ASSIGNED APPRECIATE ! LIFE OF A MUSHROOM NOT ASSIGNED

MYCOSES - FUNGAL INFECTIONS  I. DERMATOPHYTES – FUNGI ON, IN, UNDER SKIN, HAIR, NAILS A. SUPERFICIAL - ON OUTER SURFACES SKIN, HAIR, NAILS - TROPICS – SOAP AND WATER B. CUTANEOUS - WITHIN SKIN, HAIR, NAILS - RINGWORM (TRICHOPHYTON, OTHERS) - ATHLETE’S FOOT C. SUBCUTANEOUS - INTRODUCED THROUGH SKIN (PUNCTURE WOUNDS) - SPREAD ALONG LYMPH CHANNELS

RINGWORM (TRICHOPHYTON) FIG 39.13 CUTANEOUS MYCOSIS RINGWORM (TRICHOPHYTON) p 1009

FIG 39.17 SUBCUTANEOUS MYCOSIS CHROMOBLASTOMYCOSIS (BLACK MOLDS, PHIALOPHORA) p 1010

A. HISTOPLASMOSIS - HISTOPLASMA CAPSULATUM DIMORPHIC II. SYSTEMIC INFECTIONS - INTERNAL   A. HISTOPLASMOSIS - HISTOPLASMA CAPSULATUM DIMORPHIC MILD RESPIRATORY INFECTION - HEALTHY PEOPLE RECOVER WITHOUT KNOWING THEY HAD DISEASE ENDEMIC - OHIO RIVER VALLEY SEVERE DISEASE IN IMMUNOCOMPROMISED B. COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS - COCCIDIODES IMMITIS DESERT FEVER - 95% MILD RESPIRATORY 5% TB-LIKE FEW: DISSEMINATES TO BRAIN, BONES, JOINTS, MENINGES C. CRYPTOCOCCOSIS – CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS RESPIRATORY TRACT > CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM MENINGITIS - INFLAMMATION OF MENINGES D. PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA – PNEUMOCYSTIS CARINII   PNEUMONIA IN IMMUNOCOMPROMISED

Pneumocystis carinii

Pneumocystis carinii PNEUMONIA 14 Pneumocystis carinii PNEUMONIA

III. TREATMENT OF SYSTEMIC FUNGAL INFECTIONS – AMPHOTERICIN B - DISRUPTS MEMBRANE FUNCTION, TOXIC FOR PEOPLE FLUCONAZOLE - PROPHYLACTIC IN AIDS PATIENTS INHIBITS STEROL SYNTHESIS, AND THEREFORE NORMAL MEMBRANE FUNCTION IV. MYCOTOXINS -   ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS – AFLATOXINS

V. CANDIDIASIS - THRUSH, MONILIASIS, WHITE PATCHES OF MOUTH, TONGUE, VAGINA CANDIDA ALBICANS - NORMAL FLORA YEAST C. ALBICANS FLOURISHES: IN IMMUNOCOMPROMISED PEOPLE, IN NORMAL HEALTH FOLK WHEN THEIR BACTERIAL FLORA IS DESTROYED - PROLONGED ANTIBIOTIC WHICH DESTROY PROKARYOTES VAGINITIS - DIABETES, ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, ESPECIALLY DURING PREGNANCY DIAPER RASH TREATMENT - TOPICAL NYSTATIN - STREPTOMYCES ANTIBIOTIC, DAMAGES MEMBRANE, CYTOPLASM LEAKAGE MICONAZOLE - ANTIBIOTIC, DAMAGES MEMBRANE, DISRUPTS STEROLS SYNTHESIS

CANDIDA ALBICANS ORAL THRUSH