Ships and Whales: Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary as a Case Study for Regional Characterization and Management of Underwater Noise. Leila Hatch, Ph D SBNMS/NOS/NOAA SBNMS/NOS/NOAA US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Human Commerce is Noisy Chronic Background Noise ( i.e. Commercial Shipping) Fin whale song Clark, Ellison, Southall, Hatch, Van Parijs, Frankel, Ponirakis, (2009) Marine Ecology Progress Series NO SHIPPING: GULF OF CALIFORNIA HEAVY SHIPPING: MEDITERRANEAN SEA 24 hours in two fin whale acoustic habitats
Background Noise: Long Term Trends North Pacific Ambient Noise at 40 Hz Shipping noise has increased ~3 dB/decade Modified from McDonald et al. (2006)
MASKING Figures: B. Southall, US NOAA & C. Clark, Cornell University Frequency overlap between marine animal communication and shipping noise Predicted reduction in a blue whale’s communication range between ~1950 & today
Here we are Stellwagen Bank NMS 638 square nm 2,188 square km Boston Cape Ann Cape Cod Atlantic Ocean Stellwagen Bank MASSACHUSETTS
Baleen Whales NOAA – NCCOS (Figure excerpted from Pittman et al., 2006) SBNMS
Ship Strike Approximate Distribution of Ship Struck Baleen Whales along the Eastern Seaboard of the U.S Locations inferred from Jensen & Silber 2003 SBNMS
% Total Time Spent by AIS Vessels in Sanctuary Cruise/ Passenger n=87 Containers & Tankers n=306 Service & Research n=31 Tugs &Barges n=113 Shipping Noise: Variation in Space and Time TankersContainersTugs & Barges Cruise/PassengerService & ResearchALL Hatch, Clark, Merrick, Van Parijs, Ponirakis, Schwehr, Thompson & Wiley (2008) Environmental Management
Shipping Noise: Variation in Frequency and Amplitude Acoustic Propagation Modeling Bottom- Mounted Acoustic Recording Units AIS Ship Tracks Ship Noise Profile: LNG vessel Ship Noise Profile: Research Vessel
Received sound levels ( Hz, dB re 1µPa) during a time with one distant (left) versus three central (right) AIS-tracked commercial ships. Clark, Hatch, VanParijs, Ponirakis and Frankel (in prep)
NOAA-led US submission to the IMO’s Marine Environmental Protection Committee (MEPC) Accepted by member nations in October 2008 Creation of MEPC Correspondence Group tasked with developing guidelines to quiet commercial ships US (NOAA) chaired 50+ nation/org participants