Narrative—Autobiographical Writing [adapted from Writing and Grammar: Communication in Action, Prentice-Hall, Publishers, 2001]

Autobiographical Narrative in Everyday Life Think about a typical school day. To whom do you talk? What do you say? Chances are, you probably talk with friends about your experiences since you last met. When you tell a friend about what you did during the weekend or describe a funny thing that happened to you, you are engaging in autobiographical narration—telling a story from your own life. These stories may be funny or sad, short or long.

Autobiographical Narration in Everyday Life (2) Autobiographical narration sometimes takes written form. Write a cousin about a concert you attended. Relate a story about yourself on a job or college application. Send an e-mil about your day. Text-message a friend about the test you just aced.

What is Autobiographical Writing? Autobiographical writing tells a story about an event or experience in the writer’s own life. An autobiographical narrative can be as simple as a description of a recent car trip or as complex as the entire story of a person’s life.

Ingredients of Autobiographies Autobiographical writing usually includes: The writer as the main character A sequence of events Conflict or tension between characters or between a character and an outside force An insight gained by the writer

Types of Autobiographical Writing Eyewitness accounts retell events personally witnessed by a writer. Personal narratives reveal a writer’s opinions, feelings, and insights about an experience. Autobiographical incidents tell of a memorable or pivotal event in a writer’s life. Memoirs contain a writer’s reflections on an important person or event in his or her own life. Anecdotes are brief, true, and often humorous stories that contain a definite conclusion.

Prewriting—Choosing your Topic Choose a topic for your autobiographical narrative that you find important or interesting. Strategies for Generating Topics: You Were There! Choose as a topic an exciting event that you witnessed. Consider the Moment. Write the following words on a sheet of paper: Funny, Exciting, Interesting, Puzzling. Then, try to recall moments in your life that fit each of these categories. Finally, choose one of these moments as the basis of your narrative.

Strategies for Generating Topics (2) Make a Blueprint. Draw a floor plan of a significant place in your life. Label the rooms or areas, and, if you like, draw in details like furniture or trees. Then, make a list of words, phrases, sentences, names, or activities that come to mind as you “walk through” this special place. Review your ideas, and choose one as the basis of your narrative

TOPIC BANK If you are having difficulty coming up with your own topic, consider these suggestions: Anecdote about a Surprise. Recall a time when you were truly surprised. In a brief anecdote, tell the story of the situation and your actions. Memoir. Think of a person who has influenced your life in a positive way. In a memoir, recount one incident that shows why that person is a worthy role model.

TOPIC BANK (2) Personal Narrative About a Time of Change. Write about a period of transition in your own life. Describe fully the people and events that prompted such a change. Responding to Literature. “A Child’s Christmas in Wales” is a real-life story taken from the life of its writer, Dylan Thomas. Read the story and search your memory for your own interesting childhood experiences. Choose your own childhood story to tell.

TOPIC BANK (3) Responding to Fine Art. Look closely at Backgammon by Jane Frelicher or The Scream by Edvard Munch (next two slides). Why might the scene pictured inspire a piece of autobiographical writing? Study the setting and characters in the painting, and write an autobiographical narrative that comes to mind.

Backgammon by Jane Frelicher

The Scream by Edvard Munch

Cooperative Writing Opportunity School Stories. With a group of classmates, create an anthology of autobiographical narratives about a school-time experience. Have each group member write an autobiographical narrative and submit it to the group. Decide on the order in which to present them, and bind them together in a folder. Take turns reading aloud your finished stories to the group.

Narrowing Your Topic Narrow your topic so that the scope of your narrative is manageable. Try this technique to do so: Use Carbon Paper to Narrow a Topic Insert carbon paper between two sheets of notepaper. Using an empty pen or a pen that is “unclicked,” write on the top sheet anything that comes to mind about your topic. Write for at least five minutes. Remove the top sheet and the carbon paper, and review what you wrote. Choose the aspect of your topic that interests you most.

Considering your Audience & Purpose Your audience and purpose for writing will have an impact on the details that you choose to include and the type of language that you use. The following chart highlights strategies for achieving your purpose, depending on your audience.

Strategies for achieving Purpose Type of Narrative Audience Purpose Strategy Anecdote about a humorous event Classmates To entertain Use light-hearted, informal language Emphasize or exaggerate absurd or comical situations Memoir about an influential friend General Audience To inform Include ample background information since the audience may not be familiar with the subject. Develop details about the subject that explain his or her actions.

Gathering Details about Characters Before you write your autobiographical narrative, gather details about your characters that will help bring them to life for your readers. Use a character profile like the one that follows to help you gather details about characters—the people in your narrative.

Character Profile What is the character’s name, age, profession, and background? How would you describe the character’s personality, habits, and like or dislikes? What dreams or goals does this character have? What has this character achieved in life? What do other characters in your narrative think about this character? Why is the character important to the narrative you are going to relate?

Gathering Details about the Setting The setting is the time and place in which the events of the narrative unfold. The setting locates your reader in your narrative, explaining when and where the action of the story takes place. Fill out a setting chart like the one that follows to help you get started.

Setting Chart TIME/YEAR PLACE Fall 2001 Cairo, Egypt Pyramids Camels PHYSICAL DETAILS Fall 2001 Cairo, Egypt Pyramids Camels Sand

Drafting—Shaping your Writing During the drafting stage, give your narrative its shape. Decide where and how to begin and end it, which characters to develop fully, and which events to highlight.

Create a Plot Just like fictional stories, autobiographical stories should capture and hold the reader’s interest. Think about your real-life story as if it were fiction. To do so, identify the timeline of events and decide on where to begin and end your story. List the events, and identify the climax, or high point of interest, in the story. Then, arrange the rest of the events so that they follow the structure of a plot diagram.

Plot Chart Climax Rising Action Falling action Events Resolution

Plot Chart Definitions Events—introduce the characters, setting, and conflict. Conflict—refers to a struggle that takes place in the story between a character and one or more other characters, between a character and a force of nature (such as a tornado), or within a character’s mind. Rising Action—during this part of the story, the conflict develops and increases. Climax—this is the high point of interest, the turning point, in the story Falling Action—these events directly follow the climax of the story. The suspense and tension decrease. Resolution—loose ends are tied up and questions are answered in this part of the story.

Providing Elaboration To elaborate means “to develop in detail.” Make your narrative compelling to readers by using elaboration. Add dialogue. Provide dialogue that re-creates conversations or that reveals the thoughts that went through your head while you were in a particular situation. As you draft, develop your character and the characters of others through dialogue.

Provide Elaboration (2) Explode the Moment. In everyday life, a moment of time passes quickly; there’s little opportunity to observe it in detail. In a narrative, a moment can be “exploded.” As a writer, you have the luxury of putting it under a magnifying glass, turning it upside down and inside out, and examining it from a variety of angles. Asking questions about an action or event is one way to get started.

Revising your Overall Structure A first draft is not a final product. To make it into something wonderful, you need to trim, shape, and polish it. Following are some aspects you should look at as you begin to revise your narrative. Create Unity. Review the individual elements of your autobiographical narrative to make sure they are unified and that they work together.

Creating Unity Each paragraph should help develop the overall impression you want to leave with your readers. Sentences within each paragraph should work to develop the paragraph’s main idea. Each sentence in the narrative should have a clear relationship to the sentences around it. Delete those sentences or details that do not move events forward or create an image for the readers.

Revising Your Paragraphs Form Functional Paragraphs—As you revise, make sure that your paragraphs perform specific narrative functions. Following are major functions your paragraphs might serve: To Sustain Interest—reread the longer paragraphs in your work to evaluate their ability to hold the readers’ interest. If necessary, revise these paragraphs by breaking them into shorter ones that keep the readers involved in the story.

Major Functions of Paragraphs To achieve desired effects: Intersperse short one- or two-sentence paragraphs with longer ones to achieve desired effects, such as indicating a shift in time, a change in mood, or the occurrence of a major event.

Major Functions of Paragraphs (2) To signify a change in speaker—Indicate which character is speaking by beginning a new paragraph each time a different character begins to speak. Because these paragraphs show that another character is speaking, they allow you, the writer, to avoid repeating “he said” or “she said.”

Revising your Sentences Vary your Sentence Lengths. In narrative writing, variety in sentence length can “spice up” your narrative. Make your writing more expressive by breaking up passages that have consecutive short sentences or consecutive long sentences. Use different sentence types to help make your writing more interesting and mature.

Color-Coding to Achieve Sentence Variety Review your draft, and use a blue pencil to highlight sentences of six words or less. Highlight longer sentences in green. Then, examine the balance of sentence lengths and make the following revisions, if necessary: Short, simple sentences, which contain only one complete idea, can be combined into compound and complex sentences. Long compound and complex sentences can be split into two or three simple sentences.

Three Sentence types Simple Sentences: Express only one main idea The students wanted to play football. The hailstorm made it impossible to play. Compound Sentences: Contain two or more complete ideas Ideas are joined with the words and, but, or, or a semicolon. The students wanted to play football, but the hailstorm made it impossible to play. The students wanted to play football; the hailstorm made it impossible to play. Complex Sentences: Contain main and subordinate ideas Ideas are joined by Words like if, before, or unless. Although the students wanted to play football, the hailstorm made it impossible. The students wanted to play football before the hailstorm made it impossible.

Revising your Word Choice Evaluate your use of Me, Myself, and i. When you are writing a narrative from the first person point of view—such as a memoir, personal narrative or eyewitness account—you will probably use the personal pronouns me and I. It’s particularly important, therefore, to make sure that you use these pronouns correctly. I and we are subject pronouns; they act as the subjects of a sentence. Me and us are object pronouns; these pronouns receive the action of the verb.

Color-Coding Personal Pronouns Read through your draft, and circle each use of the personal pronouns I, myself, and me. Then, examine each usage and make sure that you’ve chosen the correct pronoun based on its function in the sentence. A chart explaining the nominative case and objective case of pronouns appears on the following slide.

Pronoun Case “Case” is the form of a noun or pronoun that indicates its use in a sentence. Use the nominative case for the subject of a verb and for a predicate nominative. Use the objective case for the object of any verb, preposition, or verbal. Review your draft to see whether you’ve used the objective case of a pronoun following a linking verb. If so, replace the objective case pronoun with a subject pronoun and examine the effect on your writing. Decide which better suits your audience and purpose.

Nominative Case Examples Nominative Pronouns Examples Subject Predicate Nominative (Formal usage) (Informal usage) She is the president of the class. I gave my coat to the clerk The president is she. It is I. It is me.

Objective Case Examples Objective Pronouns Examples Direct Object Indirect Object Object of Preposition Object of Participle Object of Gerund Object of Infinitive Our family praised her. The organization gave us a check. Between us, there are no secrets. The noise scaring them was outside. Helping them was my main thought. They want to ask me to lead the team.

Peer Review A peer reviewer can help you assess the clarity and effectiveness of your narrative and spot any errors that you have missed. Make a Peer Review work sheet (see next slide). Photocopy the work sheet and distribute it to peer reviewers, along with a copy of your narrative. Have reviewers respond by filling in the work sheet. Consider the comments of your peer reviewers as you prepare your final draft.

Response/Suggestions Title_______________________ Intended Audience_____________ Intended Purpose_____________ Questions Response/Suggestions Does the opening of the story grab your interest? Would you read on if you came across this story in a magazine? Are the characters and settings described well? Why or why not? Are the language and details in the story appropriate for the intended audience? Are there any story passages that get bogged down in unnecessary detail? Are there any other areas that need improvement or other suggestions that you would make?

Editing and Proofreading Before sharing your narrative, check it for errors in grammar, spelling, punctuation, and capitalization. Since most narratives contain a lot of details involving characters, make sure that you have used pronouns consistently and correctly. Then, use the following strategies to give your narrative a final polish.

Paragraphing and Punctuating Dialogue Question Marks—Dialogue should be set off with questions marks. Begin a new paragraph with each new speaker. Look at this example: “These students are very bored,” I said. “They need interesting games that they can play inside in the winter.” “Well, then, perhaps you could invent a new game,” the doctor replied.

Paragraphing and Punctuating Dialogue (2) Punctuation Marks—Place punctuation marks that indicate the way in which the dialogue is spoken inside the final quotations mark: “How about that!” exclaimed Judy. “Who’s there?” asked the leader. Find it in your Writing Review the use of dialogue in your narrative. Be sure that you’ve correctly punctuated each instance of dialogue. Also, check to be sure that you’ve begun a new paragraph with each new speaker.

Publishing and Presenting When you’ve completed your narrative, share it with others and save a copy for yourself. Try these ideas for sharing your writing. Publish in a Print Medium—submit your narrative to a school newspaper or to a national magazine that publishes student writing. Tell Your Story—Rehearse reading your story aloud. Mark up a copy of the story and underline words that you plan to emphasize. Also, mark passages you’d like to read more slowly or more quickly. Finally, assemble a group of peers or family, and tell your story to them.

Reflecting on Your Writing Think for a moment about what it was like to create a piece of autobiographical writing. Then, respond to the following questions, and save your responses in your portfolio. As you wrote, what insights did you gain about yourself? What “tricks of the trade” did you learn about telling a good story?

Rubric for Self-Assessment Score 4 Score 3 Score 2 Score 1 Audience & Purpose Contains details that engage the audience Contains details appropriate for an audience Contains few details that appeal to an audience Is not written for a specific audience Organization Presents events that create an interesting narrative; told from a consistent point of view Presents a clear sequence of events; told from a specific point of view Presents a confusing sequence of events; contains a point of view that is inconsistent Presents no logical order; is told from no consistent point of view Elaboration Contains details that create vivid characters; contains dialogue that develops characters and plot Contains details that develop character and describe settings; contains dialogue Contains characters and setting; contains some dialogue Contains few or no details to develop characters or setting; no dialogue provided Use of Language Use of language creates a tone; contains no errors in grammar, punctuation, or spelling Uses vivid words; contains few errors in grammar, punctuation, and spelling Uses clichés and trite expressions; contains some errors in grammar, punctuation, and spelling Uses uninspired words; has many errors in grammar, punctuation, and spelling