APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION 6

6.3 Volumes by Cylindrical Shells APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION In this section, we will learn: How to apply the method of cylindrical shells to find out the volume of a solid.

Some volume problems are very difficult to handle by the methods discussed in Section 6.2 VOLUMES BY CYLINDRICAL SHELLS

Let’s consider the problem of finding the volume of the solid obtained by rotating about the y-axis the region bounded by y = 2x 2 - x 3 and y = 0. VOLUMES BY CYLINDRICAL SHELLS

If we slice perpendicular to the y-axis, we get a washer.  However, to compute the inner radius and the outer radius of the washer, we would have to solve the cubic equation y = 2x 2 - x 3 for x in terms of y.  That’s not easy. VOLUMES BY CYLINDRICAL SHELLS

Fortunately, there is a method—the method of cylindrical shells—that is easier to use in such a case. VOLUMES BY CYLINDRICAL SHELLS

Now, let S be the solid obtained by rotating about the y-axis the region bounded by y = f(x) [where f(x) ≥ 0], y = 0, x = a and x = b, where b > a ≥ 0. CYLINDRICAL SHELLS METHOD

 The volume of the solid obtained by rotating about the y-axis the region under the curve y = f(x) from a to b, is: where 0 ≤ a < b Formula 2 CYLINDRICAL SHELLS METHOD

Here’s the best way to remember the formula.  Think of a typical shell, cut and flattened, with radius x, circumference 2πx, height f(x), and thickness ∆x or dx: CYLINDRICAL SHELLS METHOD

This type of reasoning will be helpful in other situations—such as when we rotate about lines other than the y-axis. CYLINDRICAL SHELLS METHOD

Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating about the y-axis the region bounded by y = 2x 2 - x 3 and y = 0. Example 1 CYLINDRICAL SHELLS METHOD

We see that a typical shell has radius x, circumference 2πx, and height f(x) = 2x 2 - x 3. Example 1 CYLINDRICAL SHELLS METHOD

So, by the shell method, the volume is: Example 1 CYLINDRICAL SHELLS METHOD

It can be verified that the shell method gives the same answer as slicing.  The figure shows a computer-generated picture of the solid whose volume we computed in the example. Example 1 CYLINDRICAL SHELLS METHOD

Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating about the y-axis the region between y = x and y = x 2. Example 2 CYLINDRICAL SHELLS METHOD

The region and a typical shell are shown here.  We see that the shell has radius x, circumference 2πx, and height x - x 2. Example 2 CYLINDRICAL SHELLS METHOD

Thus, the volume of the solid is: Example 2 CYLINDRICAL SHELLS METHOD

As the following example shows, the shell method works just as well if we rotate about the x-axis.  We simply have to draw a diagram to identify the radius and height of a shell. CYLINDRICAL SHELLS METHOD

Use cylindrical shells to find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating about the x-axis the region under the curve from 0 to 1.  This problem was solved using disks in Example 2 in Section 6.2 Example 3 CYLINDRICAL SHELLS METHOD

To use shells, we relabel the curve as x = y 2.  For rotation about the x-axis, we see that a typical shell has radius y, circumference 2πy, and height 1 - y 2. Example 3 CYLINDRICAL SHELLS METHOD

So, the volume is:  In this problem, the disk method was simpler. Example 3 CYLINDRICAL SHELLS METHOD

Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region bounded by y = x - x 2 and y = 0 about the line x = 2. Example 4 CYLINDRICAL SHELLS METHOD

The figures show the region and a cylindrical shell formed by rotation about the line x = 2, which has radius 2 - x, circumference 2π(2 - x), and height x - x 2. Example 4 CYLINDRICAL SHELLS METHOD

So, the volume of the solid is: Example 4 CYLINDRICAL SHELLS METHOD