Time Division Frames PreambleInformation MessageGuard Time Frame (T f ) Slot 1Slot 2Slot 3Slot N... Header Synch Bits Control, Signaling CRC Info. Bits (Training) Guard Time In TDD half the slots are for upstream traffic and half for downstream traffic This is generic structure: not all frames used in all systems, and order may vary

Frame Details Preamble contains address and sync information used by base and mobile Guard times allow sync of receivers between different frames Users are assigned a position in each frame (delay of T f between bursts) Superframes (frames of frames) may have additional control frames

Slot Structure Header: guard (ramp) time for receiver synch. between slots Synch: Used to establish bit synch (also for equalizer training) Control: Used for handshaking, control, and supervisory messages Info. Bits: Coded or uncoded information bits, may include pilot symbols/sequences for channel measurement and equalizer training. Guard Time: Prevents overlap at base of slots arriving from different terminals.

Requirements Equalizer requirements: adaptive equalizer must compensate for time-varying ISI. –Minimum N=  /T s symbols for training. –For  =20  sec and R b =280 Kbps, N=6 minimum (GSM: N=26) –If T f ~T c, need to retrain every frame (GSM: T f =4.615 ms, Tc=f D -1 =12.5ms for f D =80 Hz, retrains every frame). Guard time requirements: must compensate for LOS propagation delay (R/c for R the cell radius) and delay spread  due to multipath (reverse link only). –No delay spread: T g >R/c=3.3  sec for R=1Km. –Do not need guard time for LOS propagation delay if base station synchronizes to received (instead of transmitted) signal. –With delay spread  : T g >R/c+ , but typically have a smaller guard time.

GSM Slots Multiframe has 26 frames (each frame is 4.615ms), with 24 for data and 2 for control. Each call in progress assigned a control channel. Slot time is 577  s 26b equalizer training designed to handle delay spread up to 20  sec. (equalizer design not part of spec.) Guard time less than maximum  Flag bits distinguish voice from data Transmission rate approx. 270 Kb/s Tail 3b Guard 8.25  s Data 57b Flag 1b Equal. Train 26b Flag 1b Data 57b Tail 3b

Spread Spectrum MAC Basic Features –signal spread by a code –synch. between pairs of users –compensation for near-far problem (in MAC channel) –compression and channel coding Spreading Mechanisms –direct sequence multiplication –frequency hopping Note: spreading is 2nd modulation (after bits encoded into digital waveform, e.g. BPSK), and DS spreading codes are inherently digital.

Direct Sequence Chip time T c is N times the symbol time T s. Bandwidth of s(t) is N+1 times that of d(t). Channel introduces noise, ISI, and multiple access interference. Linear Modulation. (PSK,QAM) d(t) X S ci (t) SS Modulator s(t) Channel X S ci (t) Linear Demod. SS Demodulator

BPSK Example d(t) s ci (t) s(t) TbTb T c =T b /10

Code Properties Good code designs have  (  )=  (  ) and  ij (  )=0 for all . –Hard to get these properties simultaneously.

Walsh-Hadamard Codes For N chips/bit, can get N orthogonal codes Bandwidth expansion factor is roughly N. Roughly equivalent to TD or FD from a capacity standpoint Multipath destroys code orthogonality.

Semi-Orthogonal Codes Maximal length feedback shift register sequences have good properties –In a long sequence, equal # of 1s and 0s. No DC component –A run of length r chips of the same sign will occur 2 -r l times in l chips. Transitions at chip rate occur often. –The autocorrelation is small except when  is approximately zero ISI rejection. –The cross correlation between any two sequences is small (roughly  ij =G -1/2, where G=B ss /B s ) Minimizes MAC interference rejection