Aerospace Systems Engineering Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems By Dr. Sartuk KARASOY Middle East Technical University skarasoy@metu.edu.tr The viewgraphs are mainly courtesy of Dr. Dennis Buede. Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems

Engineering of Systems Broad perspective, not deep What must be done, how well it must be done, how it should be tested before what it is Clear focus on system's objectives Design: start with supersystem, migrate towards subsystems and components Integration: start with pieces and build to system in its real environment Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems

Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems System Life Cycle Concept Definition Identification of Need Refinement Preliminary System Design Detailed Configuration Item Design System Integration Production & Manufacturing Deployment Operation Retirement/Disposal Maintenance Time Training Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems Figure 1.1

Reason Why Engineering a System Needs To Be Done Well Early Cost Time 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Conceptual & Preliminary Design Detailed Design & Integration Construction or Production Use, Refinement & Disposal Cost Committed Cost Incurred Reason Why Engineering a System Needs To Be Done Well Early Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems Figure 1.2

Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems Definitions Engineering: discipline for transforming scientific concepts into cost-effective products through the use of analysis and judgment Engineering of a System: engineering discipline that develops, matches, and trades off requirements, functions, and alternate system resources to achieve a cost-effective, life-cycle balanced product based upon the needs of the stakeholders Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems

Vee Model of Design and Integration Understand User Requirements, Develop System Concept and Validation Plan Develop System Performance Specification and System Expand Performance Specifications into CI “Design-to” Specifications and CI Verification Plan Evolve “Design-to” Specifications into “Build-to” Documentation and Inspection Plan Fab, Assemble and Code to “Build-to” Documentation Inspect “Build-to” Assemble CIs and Perform CI Verification to CI “Design-to” Specifications Integrate System and Perform System Verification to Performance Specifications Demonstrate and Validate System to User Validation Plan Decomposition Definition and Integration Qualification Design Engineering Systems Engineering . . . Time Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems Figure 1.3

Vee Model with Onion Peels Understand User Requirements, Develop System Concept and Validation Plan Develop System Performance Specification and System Expand Performance Specifications into CI “Design-to” Specifications and CI Verification Plan Evolve “Design-to” Specifications into “Build-to” Documentation and Inspection Plan Fab, Assemble and Code to “Build-to” Documentation Inspect “Build-to” Assemble CIs and Perform CI Verification to CI “Design-to” Specifications Integrate System and Perform System Verification to Performance Specifications Demonstrate and Validate System to User Validation Plan Decomposition Definition and Integration Qualification Design Engineering Systems Engineering . . . Time Peels of the Onion Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems

Race Car Example of Requirements and Tests Operational Need or Mission Requirements - Partially Validated by Operational Test (Proven by Real-World Experience) System Level Requirements - Verified by System-Level Tests Component Level Requirements - Verified by Component-Level Tests Win the Indianapolis 500 · Pretrial average speed of 215 mph · Average speed in the 500 of 190 mph · Top speed of X mph ·  · Acceleration in all directions, g-g space · Average standard pit time of Y seconds · Engine horsepower of x Btu · Body’s drag coefficient of y · Range per tank of gas of z miles “g-g” Design Region for a Racecar (from [Milliken and Milliken, 1995]) Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems Figure 1.4

Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems Table 1.3

Expertise Required on the Systems Engineering Team Management SE Process Domain/ Stakeholders Technology (Engineering Disciplines) Modeling, Simulation, Analysis Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems Figure 1.5

Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems Requirements Software Preliminary Design Detailed Coding and Debugging Integration and Testing Operations and Maintenance Waterfall Model Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems Figure 1.6

Evaluate Alternatives; Identify and Resolve Risks Prototype 1st 3rd Operational Benchmarks Models Simulations Risk Analysis Evaluate Alternatives; Identify and Resolve Risks Progress through phases Cumulative Cost Determine Objectives, Alternatives, and Constraints Commitment Partition Review Requirements Plan Development Integration and Test Plan Plan Next Phases Concept Software Validation Product Design Design Validation and Verification Detailed Code Unit Test and Test Acceptance Test Implementation Develop and Verify Next Level Product Spiral Model Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems Figure 1.7

Designing for Concurrency & Risk Mitigation Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems

Vee: Evolutionary & Incremental Development SE Models Vee: Evolutionary & Incremental Development Incremental Development: Single Delivery Evolutionary Development Incremental Development: Incremental Delivery Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems

Operational Architecture Interface Architecture SE Architectures Operational Concept Functional Architecture Physical Operational Architecture Interface Architecture Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems Figure 1.9 (modified)

Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems Sample Physical Architecture F-22 Weapon System Vehicle Training Support Avionics Systems Utilities & Subsystems Cockpit Management System Electronic Warfare Navigation, Identification Processing Controls & Displays Stores Inertial Reference Radar Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems Figure 1.10

Life-Cycle Physical Architecture Design & Integration System XYZ Weapon System Operational Training Retirement Avionics Systems Utilities & Subsystems Cockpit Vehicle Management Electronic Warfare Navigation, Identification Processing Controls & Displays Stores Inertial Reference Radar Manufacturing Deployment Refinement Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems Figure 1.11

Another View of the Design Process Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems Figure 1.12

Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems Typical Requirements Documents Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems Table 1.4

Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems Comparison of the Relative Cost to Fix Software in Various Life Cycle Phases [from Davis] Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems Table 1.5

Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems Development Period Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems Figure 1.13

Period of Pre-Initial Operational Capability Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems Figure 1.14

Period of Operational Use and Refinement Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems Figure 1.15

Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems Retirement Period Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems Figure 1.16

Cycle Model Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems Design and Integration Cycles 1. Core cycle: Realization of stakeholder needs, followed by requirements development, design, manufacturing and product delivery 2. Verification cycle: Analysis, simulation, prototyping, integration, and testing Management Cycles 3. Technologies and external resources cycle: Insertion of the appropriate technologies and resources into the systems engineering process 4. Controlling cycle: Configuration management of the design process and multiple product releases and updates 5. Strategic check cycle: Management assessment and approval of product development Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems Figure 1.17

Define the Design Problem Develop Functional Architecture Design Physical Operational Obtain Approval & Document Define the Design Problem Five Major Functions of Systems Engineering Design Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems Figure 1.18

Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems Detailed Functions of Systems Engineering Design Higher Level Requirements & Constraints from Approved Baseline Define the problem, the system/segment/CI Boundary, & the objectives Develop the Op’l Concept for the Sys,Seg,CI under analysis required behavior in a functional interaction diagram functional performance by quantitative analysis Allocate requirements to functions Define candidate physical solutions Evaluate & select best based upon objectives & requirements functions to Seg/CIs Develop interfaces between Seg/CIs Plan test & integration of Seg/CIs Obtain approval of boundary, objectives, concept of ops, requirements, physical solution, & test plan Document Seg/CI design as approved baseline for next lowest level yes no Define the Design Problem Develop Functional Architecture Physical Architecture Develop Operational Architecture Obtain Approval & Document Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems Figure 1.19

Functions of the Systems Engineering Integration Process Verification Requirements and Constraints from Approved Baseline Inspect and test to verification requirements to prove readiness for integration with next assembly CI to be verified Deficiencies Integrate with next CI and repeat verification process Correctable Identify and fix correctable deficiencies Document uncorrectable For uncorrectable deficiencies, confirm no impact to integration and get deviation approval from buyer Modify approved technical baseline to incorporate deviation Redesign Yes No Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems Figure 1.20