11/15/99Norm Herr (sample file) SOLAR SYSTEM The Sun 14 Planets ? Over 100 satellites of the planets Many Comets and asteroids

11/15/99Norm Herr (sample file) SUN 75% hydrogen and 25% helium by mass Sun fuses hydrogen to helium in its core Differential rotation –equator the surface rotates once every 25.4 days –near the poles it's as much as 36 days Core conditions –temperature is 15.6 million Kelvin –pressure is 250 billion atmospheres

11/15/99Norm Herr (sample file) MERCURY Orbit around sun –highly eccentric –perihelion 46 million km –aphelion it is 70 million km –35,983,095 miles average Year length 88 Earth days Day length 59 Earth days Diameter 3032 miles Temperature: > 800 F Is iron rich surface

11/15/99Norm Herr (sample file) VENUS Orbit around Sun –67,237,910 miles average from Sun 6th largest Year length 225 Earth days Day length 243 days retrograde (reverse direction) –shows phases when viewed from Earth –Galileo's observed phases Temperature 864 F average Diameter 7521 miles Recently discovered: –Large shield type volcano

11/15/99Norm Herr (sample file) EARTH 3rd from the Sun Moon is 1/6 mass of earth period of rotation: 24 hours period of orbit days

11/15/99Norm Herr (sample file) MARS Orbit around Sun - 141,633,260 miles average Year length 687 Earth days Day length 24 hrs. 37 min Temperature -125 to 23 F Diameter 4222 miles Recently discovered: CO 2 & H 2 O Icecaps –Largest Volcano in solar system Has canyon as long as United States Olympus Mons- 3x taller than Everest, large as Arizona Visit JPL ’ s Mars Exploration PageExploration Page

11/15/99Norm Herr (sample file) Orbit around Sun – 483,682,810 miles Year Length 4,331 days Day Length 9 hours 56 minutes Average Temperature surface -234 F Diameter 88,846 miles 70% of the mass of solar system outside the Sun. NOT a solid body, is a ball of gas and liquid (mostly hydrogen and helium). –Jupiter rotates differentially, like the Sun does. (faster at poles than equator. –Has great red spot, like a hurricane but 3 times size of Earth

11/15/99Norm Herr (sample file) SATURN Orbit around Sun- 885,904,700 miles Year length 10,759 days Day length 10 hours 39 minutes average. Average temperature -288 F – It has strong surface winds (500 m/sec). These cause the banding Diameter 74,898 miles Made almost entirely of H and He. – It is less dense than water. Saturn’s Moons: 52 + Most extensive ring system in our solar sys.

11/15/99 URANUS Orbit around the sun- 1,783,939,400 miles Year length: 30,687 earth days (84.07 years) Day length: 17 hours 15 minutes (retrograde) Average temperature: -357 F Diameter: 37,764 miles Its axis point toward Sun most of the time. Spins on side. Bright blue green color comes from methane in atmosphere. Has 11 known rings Uranus has 27 moons most very small. –Largest: Miranda, Ariel, Umbriel, Oberon, Titania (small large)

11/15/99Norm Herr (sample file) NEPTUNE Orbit around the Sun- 2,795,084,800 miles Year length: 60,190 days (164.9 years) Day length: 16 hours 7 minutes Average Temperature: -353 F Diameter: 30,776 miles Note the apparent storms

11/15/99Norm Herr (sample file) NEPTUNE Bright blue coloration due methane in atmosphere Great dark spot discovered Believed to been a hole in atmosphere. (like High pressure on Earth) It disappeared in Rings are very thin and made of dust, not understood why some areas are more dense than others. Has 13 moons, Triton largest. Note the apparent storms

11/15/99Norm Herr (sample file) PLUTOIDS What is a dwarf planet?What is a dwarf planet? –Celestial body orbiting the Sun –Massive enough to be rounded by its own gravity –BUT has NOT cleared its neighboring region of planetesimals –Is not a satellite A plutoid is a dwarf planet beyond the orbit of NeptuneA plutoid is a dwarf planet beyond the orbit of Neptune

11/15/99 Only 5 recognized so far (200 possible) Pluto, approximate true color Ceres, seen through (Hubble telescope) Haumea, with moons Hi‘iaka and Namaka (Artist’s conception) Makemake, Eris, seen through (Hubble telescope)

11/15/99Norm Herr (sample file) PLUTO Orbit around Sun- 3,670,050,000 miles Pluto’s orbit is VERY elliptical: varies from 29 to 49 A.U. from the Sun, crossing inside of Neptune's orbit. –Also inclined 17deg to the ecliptic, so its farther above and below the plane in which the other planets formed than any other planet. Pluto is very small only Earth mass. Year length: 90,553 days (248 Earth Years) Day length: 153 hours 18 minutes Temperature -387 F to -369 F Considered a Dwarf planet

11/15/99Norm Herr (sample file) CERES Orbit around Sun- 254,922,727 miles Only dwarf planet in asteroid belt. Year length: 1680 days (4.6years) Day length: varies days (4.604 years average) Diameter 606 miles Temperature approximately -160 F

16 Pacific Island Names for Planetary Objects Haumea is the Hawaiian goddess of childbirth and fertility. The the moons "Hi ʻ iaka" and "Namaka” are named after after two of Haumea's daughters. Haumea is the Hawaiian goddess of childbirth and fertility. The the moons "Hi ʻ iaka" and "Namaka” are named after after two of Haumea's daughters.

17 HAUMEA Orbit – 4,526,589,000 miles Year length: years Day length: extremely short –It rotates so fast it is oval in shape Diameter about 892 miles Temperature -373 F Orbit – 4,526,589,000 miles Year length: years Day length: extremely short –It rotates so fast it is oval in shape Diameter about 892 miles Temperature -373 F

18 Pacific Island Names for Planetary Objects Makemake is the creator of humanity in the mythos of the Rapanui, the native people of Easter Island. The name choice preserves the planetary object's connection with Easter.

19 MAKEMAKE Orbit – 4,671,390,000 miles Year length: years Day length: unknown Diameter: 900 miles average Temperature -406 F No moons Orbit – 4,671,390,000 miles Year length: years Day length: unknown Diameter: 900 miles average Temperature -406 F No moons Hubble image of Makemake

20 ERIS Orbit – 4,671,390,000 miles Year length: 557 years Day length: 26 hrs ?? Diameter: 1553 miles Temperature -436 F Orbit – 4,671,390,000 miles Year length: 557 years Day length: 26 hrs ?? Diameter: 1553 miles Temperature -436 F Keck observatory image Eris and moon Dysnomia

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