Satellite Observations of Enhanced Pre- Monsoon Aerosol Loading and Tropospheric Warming over the Gangetic-Himalayan Region Ritesh Gautam 1, N. Christina.

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Satellite Observations of Enhanced Pre- Monsoon Aerosol Loading and Tropospheric Warming over the Gangetic-Himalayan Region Ritesh Gautam 1, N. Christina Hsu 2, W. Lau 2 1 GEST/University of Maryland Baltimore County 2 NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Biomass Burning Dust Anthropogenic Pollution Gangetic Plains

Motivation In recent past years, model studies have suggested the importance of aerosol solar absorption in modulating the monsoon rainfall distribution (for e.g., Menon et al., 2002; Ramanathan et al., 2005; Lau et al., 2006; Meehl et al., 2008; Randles and Ramaswamy, 2008). Pre-monsoon period marks the reversal of tropospheric temp. gradient and is crucial to the summer monsoon onset and rainfall. Dust mixed with soot over northern India has been hypothesized in intensifying the early summer monsoon circulation and rainfall (Lau et al., 2006, Lau and Kim, 2006). MODIS, 9 June 2003  Climate modeling can benefit from an indepth characterization of spatio-temporal- vertical characterization of the regional aerosol loading and associated radiative impacts.

Strong seasonal variations of Aerosols over the IGP Pre-monsoon AOD Climatology (Aqua MODIS Dark Target w/Deep Blue) Kanpur/AERONET

Altitude (km) CALIOP cloud-screened mean backscatter profile for April-May 2008 Vertically extended aerosols over northern India, aerosol layer top ~ 5 km CALIOP Over 70% of mean AOD in northern India associated with higher depolarization ratio suggesting greater contribution of non-spherical particulates Pre-monsoon Aerosol Characterization from CALIPSO Gautam, Liu, Singh, Hsu, GRL (2009)

 Model calculated column SSA in the IGP over Kanpur is 0.89±0.01 during pre-monsoon period.  Diurnally averaged surface forcing efficiency: - 70Wm -2 and mean forcing value (-44Wm -2 ) ranges from -11 to -79.8Wm -2. Aerosol Solar Absorption and Radiative Forcing

Enhanced Tropospheric Warming during Pre-Monsoon Season MayMarch-April-May Strengthened land-sea thermal gradient Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU) data, corrected for stratospheric cooling influence - Fu et al., 2004 (Nature) Gautam, Hsu, Lau, Tsay, Kafatos, Geophys. Res. Lett. (2009)

Annual Mean Trend ( )

After correcting for stratospheric cooling influence (Fu et al., 2004) Directly from RSS data Trends for Annual Mean and May Tropospheric Temperature ( ) over the Himalayas  Aerosol solar absorption effects/EHP mechanism, in addition to global warming, could potentially be amplifying the enhanced western Himalayan warming.  The western Himalayan warming significantly exceeds other surrounding elevated regions of the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau. *Trends in °C/year; RSS (Remote Sensing Systems) data portal Gautam, Hsu, Lau, JGR (in press)

Summary Progressive buildup of aerosol loading over the Gangetic region from April through June (pre-monsoon) observed from MODIS, with enhanced dust loading indicated by CALIOP-derived depolarization ratios and AERONET retrievals of optical properties. Vertically extended aerosols upto 5km with enhanced aerosol solar absorption (SSA: 0.89) and large impact on regional radiation budget (surface forcing efficiency: -70Wm -2 and mean forcing value ranges from -11 to -79.8Wm -2 ). Tropospheric temperatures observed from MSU ( ) indicate accelerated warming over western Himalayas ( °C/decade), most pronounced in the pre-monsoon period, suggesting the plausible role of absorbing aerosols in amplifying the observed warming trend. Acknowledgements: satellite data production teams (MODIS, CALIPSO, MSU) and AERONET.