Chapter 9 Fluids

MFMcGraw-PHY 1401Ch09e - Fluids-Revised: 7/12/20102 Chapter 9: Fluids Introduction to Fluids Pressure Measurement of Pressure Pascal’s Principle Gravity and Fluid Pressure Archimedes’ Principle Continuity Equation Bernoulli’s Equation Viscosity and Viscous Drag Surface Tension

MFMcGraw-PHY 1401Ch09e - Fluids-Revised: 7/12/20103 Pressure Pressure arises from the collisions between the particles of a fluid with another object (container walls for example). There is a momentum change (impulse) that is away from the container walls. There must be a force exerted on the particle by the wall.

MFMcGraw-PHY 1401Ch09e - Fluids-Revised: 7/12/20104 Pressure is defined as The units of pressure are N/m 2 and are called Pascals (Pa). Note: 1 atmosphere (atm) = kPa By Newton’s 3 rd Law, there is a force on the wall due to the particle.

MFMcGraw-PHY 1401Ch09e - Fluids-Revised: 7/12/20105 Example (text problem 9.1): Someone steps on your toe, exerting a force of 500 N on an area of 1.0 cm 2. What is the average pressure on that area in atmospheres? A 500N person weighs about 113 lbs.

MFMcGraw-PHY 1401Ch09e - Fluids-Revised: 7/12/20106 Gravity’s Effect on Fluid Pressure An imaginary cylinder of fluid FBD for the fluid cylinder P1AP1A P2AP2A w x y Imaginary cylinder can be any size

MFMcGraw-PHY 1401Ch09e - Fluids-Revised: 7/12/20107 Apply Newton’s 2 nd Law to the fluid cylinder. Since the fluids isn’t moving the net force is zero. If P 1 (the pressure at the top of the cylinder) is known, then the above expression can be used to find the variation of pressure with depth in a fluid.

MFMcGraw-PHY 1401Ch09e - Fluids-Revised: 7/12/20108 If the top of the fluid column is placed at the surface of the fluid, then P 1 = P atm if the container is open. You noticed on the previous slide that the areas canceled out. Only the height matters since that is the direction of gravity. Think of the pressure as a force density in N/m 2

MFMcGraw-PHY 1401Ch09e - Fluids-Revised: 7/12/20109 Example (text problem 9.19): At the surface of a freshwater lake, the pressure is 105 kPa. (a) What is the pressure increase in going 35.0 m below the surface?

MFMcGraw-PHY 1401Ch09e - Fluids-Revised: 7/12/ Example: The surface pressure on the planet Venus is 95 atm. How far below the surface of the ocean on Earth do you need to be to experience the same pressure? The density of seawater is 1025 kg/m 3.

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MFMcGraw-PHY 1401Ch09e - Fluids-Revised: 7/12/ Measuring Pressure A manometer is a U-shaped tube that is partially filled with liquid, usually Mercury (Hg). Both ends of the tube are open to the atmosphere.

MFMcGraw-PHY 1401Ch09e - Fluids-Revised: 7/12/ A container of gas is connected to one end of the U-tube If there is a pressure difference between the gas and the atmosphere, a force will be exerted on the fluid in the U-tube. This changes the equilibrium position of the fluid in the tube.

MFMcGraw-PHY 1401Ch09e - Fluids-Revised: 7/12/ Also At point C The pressure at point B is the pressure of the gas. From the figure:

MFMcGraw-PHY 1401Ch09e - Fluids-Revised: 7/12/ A Barometer The atmosphere pushes on the container of mercury which forces mercury up the closed, inverted tube. The distance d is called the barometric pressure.

MFMcGraw-PHY 1401Ch09e - Fluids-Revised: 7/12/ Atmospheric pressure is equivalent to a column of mercury 76.0 cm tall. From the figure and

MFMcGraw-PHY 1401Ch09e - Fluids-Revised: 7/12/ The Many Units of Pressure 1 ATM equals1.013x10 5 N/m lbs/in bar 76 cm Hg 760 mm Hg 760 Torr 34 ft H 2 O 29.9 in Hg

MFMcGraw-PHY 1401Ch09e - Fluids-Revised: 7/12/ Pascal’s Principle A change in pressure at any point in a confined fluid is transmitted everywhere throughout the fluid. (This is useful in making a hydraulic lift.)

MFMcGraw-PHY 1401Ch09e - Fluids-Revised: 7/12/ Apply a force F 1 here to a piston of cross- sectional area A 1. The applied force is transmitted to the piston of cross-sectional area A 2 here. In these problems neglect pressure due to columns of fluid.

MFMcGraw-PHY 1401Ch09e - Fluids-Revised: 7/12/ Mathematically,

MFMcGraw-PHY 1401Ch09e - Fluids-Revised: 7/12/ Example: Assume that a force of 500 N (about 110 lbs) is applied to the smaller piston in the previous figure. For each case, compute the force on the larger piston if the ratio of the piston areas (A 2 /A 1 ) are 1, 10, and ,000 N N N1 F2F2 Using Pascal’s Principle:

MFMcGraw-PHY 1401Ch09e - Fluids-Revised: 7/12/ Archimedes’ Principle An FBD for an object floating submerged in a fluid. The total force on the block due to the fluid is called the buoyant force. w F2F2 F1F1 x y

MFMcGraw-PHY 1401Ch09e - Fluids-Revised: 7/12/ The magnitude of the buoyant force is: From before: The result is Buoyant force = the weight of the fluid displaced

MFMcGraw-PHY 1401Ch09e - Fluids-Revised: 7/12/ Archimedes’ Principle: A fluid exerts an upward buoyant force on a submerged object equal in magnitude to the weight of the volume of fluid displaced by the object.

MFMcGraw-PHY 1401Ch09e - Fluids-Revised: 7/12/ Example (text problem 9.28): A flat-bottomed barge loaded with coal has a mass of 3.0  10 5 kg. The barge is 20.0 m long and 10.0 m wide. It floats in fresh water. What is the depth of the barge below the waterline? x y w FBFB FBD for the barge Apply Newton’s 2 nd Law to the barge:

MFMcGraw-PHY 1401Ch09e - Fluids-Revised: 7/12/ Example (text problem 9.40): A piece of metal is released under water. The volume of the metal is 50.0 cm 3 and its specific gravity is 5.0. What is its initial acceleration? (Note: when v = 0, there is no drag force.) FBD for the metal The magnitude of the buoyant force equals the weight of the fluid displaced by the metal. Solve for a: Apply Newton’s 2 nd Law to the piece of metal: x y w FBFB

MFMcGraw-PHY 1401Ch09e - Fluids-Revised: 7/12/ Since the object is completely submerged V=V object. where  water = 1000 kg/m 3 is the density of water at 4 °C. Given Example continued: The sign is minus because gravity acts down. BF causes a < g.

MFMcGraw-PHY 1401Ch09e - Fluids-Revised: 7/12/ Fluid Flow A moving fluid will exert forces parallel to the surface over which it moves, unlike a static fluid. This gives rise to a viscous force that impedes the forward motion of the fluid. A steady flow is one where the velocity at a given point in a fluid is constant. V 1 = constant V 2 = constant v1v2v1v2

MFMcGraw-PHY 1401Ch09e - Fluids-Revised: 7/12/ Steady flow is laminar; the fluid flows in layers. The path that the fluid in these layers takes is called a streamline. An ideal fluid is incompressible, undergoes laminar flow, and has no viscosity. Streamlines do not cross. Crossing streamlines would indicate a volume of fluid with two different velocities at the same time.

MFMcGraw-PHY 1401Ch09e - Fluids-Revised: 7/12/ The Continuity Equation—Conservation of Mass The amount of mass that flows though the cross-sectional area A 1 is the same as the mass that flows through cross-sectional area A 2. Faster Slower

MFMcGraw-PHY 1401Ch09e - Fluids-Revised: 7/12/ is the mass flow rate (units kg/s) is the volume flow rate (units m 3 /s) The continuity equation is If the fluid is incompressible, then  1 =  2.

MFMcGraw-PHY 1401Ch09e - Fluids-Revised: 7/12/ Example (text problem 9.41): A garden hose of inner radius 1.0 cm carries water at 2.0 m/s. The nozzle at the end has radius 0.20 cm. How fast does the water move through the constriction? Simple ratios

MFMcGraw-PHY 1401Ch09e - Fluids-Revised: 7/12/ Bernoulli’s Equation Bernoulli’s equation is a statement of energy conservation.

MFMcGraw-PHY 1401Ch09e - Fluids-Revised: 7/12/ Potential energy per unit volume Kinetic energy per unit volume Work per unit volume done by the fluid Points 1 and 2 must be on the same streamline This is the most general equation

MFMcGraw-PHY 1401Ch09e - Fluids-Revised: 7/12/ Example (text problem 9.49): A nozzle is connected to a horizontal hose. The nozzle shoots out water moving at 25 m/s. What is the gauge pressure of the water in the hose? Neglect viscosity and assume that the diameter of the nozzle is much smaller than the inner diameter of the hose. Let point 1 be inside the hose and point 2 be outside the nozzle. The hose is horizontal so y 1 = y 2. Also P 2 = P atm.

MFMcGraw-PHY 1401Ch09e - Fluids-Revised: 7/12/ Substituting: v 2 = 25 m/s and v 1 is unknown. Use the continuity equation. Since d 2 <<d 1 it is true that v 1 <<v 2. Example continued:

MFMcGraw-PHY 1401Ch09e - Fluids-Revised: 7/12/ Example continued:

MFMcGraw-PHY 1401Ch09e - Fluids-Revised: 7/12/ Viscosity A real fluid has viscosity (fluid friction). This implies a pressure difference needs to be maintained across the ends of a pipe for fluid to flow.

MFMcGraw-PHY 1401Ch09e - Fluids-Revised: 7/12/ Viscosity also causes the existence of a velocity gradient across a pipe. A fluid flows more rapidly in the center of the pipe and more slowly closer to the walls of the pipe. The volume flow rate for laminar flow of a viscous fluid is given by Poiseuille’s Law. where  is the viscosity 4th power

MFMcGraw-PHY 1401Ch09e - Fluids-Revised: 7/12/ Example (text problem 9.55): A hypodermic syringe attached to a needle has an internal radius of mm and a length of 3.00 cm. The needle is filled with a solution of viscosity 2.00  Pa sec; it is injected into a vein at a gauge pressure of 16.0 mm Hg. Neglect the extra pressure required to accelerate the fluid from the syringe into the entrance needle. (a) What must the pressure of the fluid in the syringe be in order to inject the solution at a rate of mL/sec? Solve Poiseuille’s Law for the pressure difference:

MFMcGraw-PHY 1401Ch09e - Fluids-Revised: 7/12/ Example continued: This pressure difference is between the fluid in the syringe and the fluid in the vein. The pressure in the syringe is Conversion:

MFMcGraw-PHY 1401Ch09e - Fluids-Revised: 7/12/ (b) What force must be applied to the plunger, which has an area of 1.00 cm 2 ? Example continued: The result of (a) gives the force per unit area on the plunger so the force is just F = PA = N.

MFMcGraw-PHY 1401Ch09e - Fluids-Revised: 7/12/ Viscous Drag The viscous drag force on a sphere is given by Stokes’ law. Where  is the viscosity of the fluid that the sphere is falling through, r is the radius of the sphere, and v is the velocity of the sphere.

MFMcGraw-PHY 1401Ch09e - Fluids-Revised: 7/12/ Example (text problem 9.62): A sphere of radius 1.0 cm is dropped into a glass cylinder filled with a viscous liquid. The mass of the sphere is 12.0 g and the density of the liquid is 1200 kg/m 3. The sphere reaches a terminal speed of 0.15 m/s. What is the viscosity of the liquid? FBD for sphere FDFD w x y FBFB Apply Newton’s Second Law to the sphere Drag Buoyant

MFMcGraw-PHY 1401Ch09e - Fluids-Revised: 7/12/ Example continued: When v = v terminal, a = 0 and Solving for 

MFMcGraw-PHY 1401Ch09e - Fluids-Revised: 7/12/ Surface Tension The surface of a fluid acts like a stretched membrane (imagine standing on a trampoline). There is a force along the surface of the fluid. The surface tension is a force per unit length.

MFMcGraw-PHY 1401Ch09e - Fluids-Revised: 7/12/ Example (text problem 9.70): Assume a water strider has a roughly circular foot of radius 0.02 mm. The water strider has 6 legs. (a) What is the maximum possible upward force on the foot due to the surface tension of the water? The water strider will be able to walk on water if the net upward force exerted by the water equals the weight of the insect. The upward force is supplied by the water’s surface tension.

MFMcGraw-PHY 1401Ch09e - Fluids-Revised: 7/12/ (b) What is the maximum mass of this water strider so that it can keep from breaking through the water surface? Example continued: To be in equilibrium, each leg must support one- sixth the weight of the insect.

MFMcGraw-PHY 1401Ch09e - Fluids-Revised: 7/12/ Summary Pressure and its Variation with Depth Pascal’s Principle Archimedes Principle Continuity Equation (conservation of mass) Bernoulli’s Equation (conservation of energy) Viscosity and Viscous Drag Surface Tension

Quick Questions

MFMcGraw-PHY 1401Ch09e - Fluids-Revised: 7/12/ Consider a boat loaded with scrap iron in a swimming pool. If the iron is thrown overboard into the pool, will the water level at the edge of the pool rise, fall, or remain unchanged? 1. Rise 2. Fall 3. Remain unchanged

MFMcGraw-PHY 1401Ch09e - Fluids-Revised: 7/12/ Rise 2. Fall 3. Remain unchanged Consider a boat loaded with scrap iron in a swimming pool. If the iron is thrown overboard into the pool, will the water level at the edge of the pool rise, fall, or remain unchanged?

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MFMcGraw-PHY 1401Ch09e - Fluids-Revised: 7/12/ In the presence of air, the small iron ball and large plastic ball balance each other. When air is evacuated from the container, the larger ball 1. rises. 2. falls. 3. remains in place.

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MFMcGraw-PHY 1401Ch09e - Fluids-Revised: 7/12/ The weight of the stand and suspended solid iron ball is equal to the weight of the container of water as shown above. When the ball is lowered into the water the balance is upset. The amount of weight that must be added to the left side to restore balance, compared to the weight of water displaced by the ball, would be 1. half.2. the same. 3. twice.4. more than twice.

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MFMcGraw-PHY 1401Ch09e - Fluids-Revised: 7/12/ A pair of identical balloons are inflated with air and suspended on the ends of a stick that is horizontally balanced. When the balloon on the left is punctured, the balance of the stick is 1. upset and the stick rotates clockwise. 2. upset and the stick rotates counter-clockwise. 3. unchanged.

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MFMcGraw-PHY 1401Ch09e - Fluids-Revised: 7/12/ Consider an air-filled balloon weighted so that it is on the verge of sinking—that is, its overall density just equals that of water. Now if you push it beneath the surface, it will 1. sink. 2. return to the surface. 3. stay at the depth to which it is pushed.

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Extras

MFMcGraw-PHY 1401Ch09e - Fluids-Revised: 7/12/ The density of the block of wood floating in water is 1. greater than the density of water. 2. equal to the density of water. 3. less than half that of water. 4. more than half the density of water. 5. … not enough information is given.

MFMcGraw-PHY 1401Ch09e - Fluids-Revised: 7/12/ greater than the density of water. 2. equal to the density of water. 3. less than half that of water. 4. more than half the density of water. 5. … not enough information is given. The density of the block of wood floating in water is

MFMcGraw-PHY 1401Ch09e - Fluids-Revised: 7/12/ rises. 2. falls. 3. remains in place. In the presence of air, the small iron ball and large plastic ball balance each other. When air is evacuated from the container, the larger ball

MFMcGraw-PHY 1401Ch09e - Fluids-Revised: 7/12/ half.2. the same. 3. twice.4. more than twice. The weight of the stand and suspended solid iron ball is equal to the weight of the container of water as shown above. When the ball is lowered into the water the balance is upset. The amount of weight that must be added to the left side to restore balance, compared to the weight of water displaced by the ball, would be

MFMcGraw-PHY 1401Ch09e - Fluids-Revised: 7/12/ upset and the stick rotates clockwise. 2. upset and the stick rotates counter-clockwise. 3. unchanged. A pair of identical balloons are inflated with air and suspended on the ends of a stick that is horizontally balanced. When the balloon on the left is punctured, the balance of the stick is

MFMcGraw-PHY 1401Ch09e - Fluids-Revised: 7/12/ sink. 2. return to the surface. 3. stay at the depth to which it is pushed. Consider an air-filled balloon weighted so that it is on the verge of sinking—that is, its overall density just equals that of water. Now if you push it beneath the surface, it will