Academic literacies: writing in HE Dr Colleen McKenna University College London This document is licensed under the Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.0 UK: England & Wales license, available at sa/2.0/uk/.

Session aims -Explore theories and approaches to writing development in HE -Consider writing development in participants’ own contexts (teaching, departmental) -Work with case studies which show how writing can be made visible and embedded in curricula -Think about our own writing practices

3 Background Writing is often not explicitly addressed in HE teaching. Frequently, the link between learning a subject and learning to write about that subject is not made. The ‘deficit model’ still prevails in much of HE.

Writing in the Disciplines

Writing in the Disciplines (WiD) (1) Writing is inseparable from intellectual development Academic writing practices differ across subjects. Writing development should be situated in the discipline. Writing intensive courses are part of the curriculum. Much emphasis is placed on feedback and dialogues between students and tutors.

WID (2) Emphasis on process rather than product –Writing is part of learning, not simply the demonstration of learning A WiD approach Involves a range of written forms WiD views students as joining a conversation

WiD and making writing visible Writing ‘disappears’ with socialization in a discipline: ‘Writing becomes so embedded in activity that it tends to disappear as an object of conscious attention. As it becomes routine, we forget that we once had to learn to write in specialized ways’. (David Russell)

Exercise 1: Free writing Think of a time when you had to engage with a new set of writing conventions. (eg. new discipline, new language, new area of study/work.) Please write about this, using a free writing technique, for 3 minutes. (Your piece won’t be read aloud.)

Academic Literacies

UK researchers - Lea and Street –Investigated writing practices in different disciplines social science (new literacies movement) rather than humanities Highly influential in approaches to writing development in UK

Models of student writing – Lea & Street, 2000 Study skills –Deficit model –Student writing as technical skill Academic socialisation –Acculturation of students into academic discourse –Writing as transparent medium Academic literacies –Writing as social practice –Power, identity –Discourse communities

Academic literacies Ability to use written language is not a single skill Literacies can be developed and extended by participating in social activities which require their use. Entering a new cultural context will involve a new phase of literacy development Developing and extending ability to use written language never ends Ivanic 1997

Questions for discussion 1.Where does writing development features in your curricula? 2.Where would you situate your department’s approach to student writing in relation to findings of Lea and Street?

Writing as Social Practice

15 Writing Embodies and constructs knowledge (see WiD) Is always situated or located in specific contexts Involves social and institutional relationships and constraints Is associated with issues of identity.

Writing as social practice Academic literacy is not a neutral, unproblematic skill which students simply have to acquire, but multiple, complex and contested set of social practices which should be given more explicit and critical attention by all members of the academic community. - Roz Ivanic Writing and Identity

Writing and identity ‘I’ve got to identify where I stand in the [...] framework of the research and how my research slots in, and contributes to the literature […] so I see my literature review now as more [of] a finely honed contribution, developing academic authority, making a contribution to the discipline.’ DSLT student A ‘this is my research, I’ve seen this in my data, this is relevant, this is how I’m going to say it.’ DSLT student B (Research with PhD writers, Fergie et al, 2012)

Writing exercise : Please take your piece of writing and make notes on its history, context and production… What areas of knowledge and sources were you drawing on? How did you set about writing it? Where were you when you wrote it? What was it for? Who was it for? What happened to it? What did you think of it then? What do you think of it now? 18

What do these ideas mean for practice(s)? Middle ground pedagogy – Art Young/Sally Mitchell Writing and thinking – John Bean Case studies – Queen Mary Modern Languages –UCL Doctorate in Speech and Language Therapy- DSLT, Suzanne Beeke

Writing process/product continuum Private Process Public Product Generating, Testing Questioning Finished Form: Assessment OpenClosed Sally Mitchell, 2006, drawing on Art Young Feedback Peer review Redrafting, Revision Underexploited in learning? Overused in learning?

Linking writing and critical thinking “Writing is both a process of doing critical thinking and a product communicating the results of critical thinking.” “Homework and other activities for a course should engage students in complex thinking about significant problems. To accomplish this end, teachers need to structure activities to help students become personally engaged with questions addressed by the course.” John C. Bean (2001)

Case studies –Queen Mary –UCL

Case Study 1: QMUL … It means writing in the class - from warm-up exercises (‘what do you want to find out today?’) to analytical summaries - one sentence, one paragraph, one page. It means short homework assignments - say, a 300-word account of the seminar, to be shared in the next session. It means a writing journal. More formally, it means two 1000-word assignments, which count towards the final assessment - but here the crucial thing is that these will be discussed, self-assessed and peer reviewed and then re- written… (Fernandez and Marsh, 2002, cited in Mitchell, 2006 )

Case study 2: UCL Module on writing a PhD integrated into Professional doctorate in Speech and Language Therapy (DSLT) Runs through the 2 nd year Regular meetings, writing tasks, peer and tutor feedback Addresses theoretical and practical issues Located in WiD and Ac Lits paradigms

Case Study 2: course topics Thinking writing and learning journals Reading and evaluating Note taking Communicating with the reader: writing for different purposes Developing an argument Purpose, focus and structure of the literature review Style Writing and Identity: Putting yourself into your writing Editing

Please look through the case studies. Which of these approaches might be possible in your teaching? How might you create space in your curricula to address writing and learning?

What interesting writing tasks are used in your department?

Approaches to writing development in HE Writing and the discipline (Monroe, Russell) Writing as social practice (Lea & Street) Writing and identity/voice (Ivanic) Writing as dialogue; multilingual authors and politics of anglophone journals (Lillis) Thinking through writing (Elbow, Creme) Writing and digital literacies (Goodfellow and Lea) Writing and power (Clark and Ivanic; Blommaert ) Academic literacies as an alternative model for learning and teaching (Haggis)

“The experience of pleasure is interesting. What both the diversification of writing practices and the closer attention to students’ writing appear to do is to change the communicative relation between teacher and student. The teacher who consciously sets up opportunities for writing and pays attention to its purpose and value moves into a closer engagement with the learner... Students as a result, it seems, become more capable of positively surprising their teachers, and bringing about disruption to the established pattern of communication …” - Sally Mitchell, 2006

References Bean, John C. (1996) Engaging Ideas: The Professor’s Guide to Integrating Writing, Critical Thinking and Active Learning in the Classroom. Jossey-Bass. Elbow, P. (1998) Writing without Teachers. OUP. Fernandez and Marsh 2002 cited in Mitchell, S. & Evison, A. (2006) Exploiting the potential of writing for educational change at Queen Mary, University of London. L. Ganobcsik-Williams (ed.) Teaching Academic Writing in UK Higher Education. Fergie, G.; Beeke, S.; McKenna, C. and Creme, P. (to appear 2012) ‘Designing, piloting and evaluating a module to support doctoral research students in speech and language therapy’. International Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education.

References Goodfellow, R. and Lea, M (2007) Challenging e-Learning in the University: a Literacies Approach. SRHE/Open University Press. Haggis, T. (2003) Constructing images of ourselves? A critical investigation into 'approaches to learning' research in higher education, British Educational Research Journal, 34 (1) pp Lea, M. R. & Street, B. V. (1998) Student writing in higher education: an academic literacies approach. Studies in Higher Education, 23 (2), Lea, M. R. & Stierer, B. (2000) Student Writing in Higher Education: New Contexts. Buckingham: Open University Press/SRHE.

References Mitchell, S. & Evison, A. (2006) Exploiting the potential of writing for educational change at Queen Mary, University of London. L. Ganobcsik-Williams (ed.) Teaching Academic Writing in UK Higher Education. Monroe, J. (2006) Local Knowledges, Local Practices: Writing in the Disciplines at Cornell. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. David Russel l(2005) Institute of Education. "Writing in the Disciplines and 'the institutional practice of mystery.'" Institute of Education, Universityof London. London, November 2005.

References Russell, David R.; Lea, Mary; Parker, Jan; Street, Brian and Donahue, Tiane (2009). Exploring notions of genre in 'academic literacies' and 'writing across the curriculum': approaches across countries and contexts. In: Bazerman, Charles; Bonini, Adair and Figueiredo, Débora eds. Genre in a Changing World. Perspectives on Writing. Colorado: WAC Clearinghouse/Parlor Press, pp. 459–491. Exploring notions of genre in 'academic literacies' and 'writing across the curriculum': approaches across countries and contexts. Thinking Writing Young, Art (1999) Teaching Writing Across the Curriculum, Third Edition. Prentice Hall Resources for Writing, Upper Saddle River, NJ,Teaching Writing Across the Curriculum