מכירות פומביות (Auctions). הסיטואציה האסטרטגית בכוונתך להשתתף במכירה פומבית ( בתור מציע = bidder) של פריט מסוים שווי הפריט עבורך – 20 דולר כמה תציע במכירה.

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Presentation transcript:

מכירות פומביות (Auctions)

הסיטואציה האסטרטגית בכוונתך להשתתף במכירה פומבית ( בתור מציע = bidder) של פריט מסוים שווי הפריט עבורך – 20 דולר כמה תציע במכירה ? –ככל הנראה התשובה תלויה בחוקי ה - auction

3 What is an Auction? auc tion 1. A public sale in which property or merchandise are sold to the highest bidder. 2. A market institution with explicit rules determining resource allocation and prices on the basis of bids from participants. 3. Games: The bidding in bridge [Latin: auctiō, auctiōn - from auctus, past participle of augēre, to increase] e (ôk’shn)

4 Examples of Auctions FCC Spectrum Procurement Auctions (or “reversed auction”) Treasury Bills (e.g., “Makam”) Internet Wine Options Quota Rights – ליבוא מוצרים

5 English Auction - Ascending Bid מחירים עולים : –ה - bidders מכריזים על מחירים עולים –ה - auctioneer מכריז על מכירים עולים ה - bidder עם ההצעה הגבוהה ביותר זוכה משלם מעט יותר מה - bid השני הגבוה ביותר

אסטרטגיות האם יש טעם להציע bid כבר בהתחלה ? –אם המכירה מחייבת קפיצות קבועות ב - bids אז אולי כן... –אחרת, כדאי להמתין לקראת סיום המכירה מה קורה אם כולם מציעים בסוף ? –המכירה מתחדשת למספר דקות ברגע שהתקבלה הצעה חדשה

7 Sealed Bid ה - bidders מעבירים את הצעותיהם ל - auctioneer מבלי שהאחרים יראו מה ההצעה הזוכה במכירה הוא בעל ה - bid הגבוה ביותר, והוא משלם : –את ה - bid השני בגובהו (second-price Vickery) –את ה - bid של עצמו (First price)

8 Dutch (Tulip) Auction - Descending Bid מתחילים עם מחיר גבוה שהולך ויורד באינקרימנטים קבועים הראשון שמצביע ו " עוצר את המחיר " זוכה ומשלם את המחיר בו עצר מנסה להשיג תוצאה של first price בניגוד ל - English auction שמביא לתוצאת second price

9 סוגים נוספים של Auction Double auction Buyers and sellers bid Stock exchanges Reverse auction Single buyer and multiple sellers Priceline.com Multiunit auction Seller has multiple items for sale FCC spectrum auctions

10 The Vickrey Second Price Auction מדוע מכירות אלו כה פופולאריות ? –כי אסטרטגיית ה - bidding בהן מאוד פשוטה – לתת bid בגובה ההערכה האישית של הפריט המוצע היא אסטרטגיה שולטת –האינטואיציה – התשלום בסופו של דבר לא תלוי בהצעה של ה - bidder ( רק הזכיה תלויה בהצעה של ה - bidder עצמו )

11 Bidding Higher Than My Valuation Case 1Case 2Case 3 No difference Lose money Own valuation

12 Bidding Lower Than My Valuation Case 1Case 2Case 3 No difference Lose money

13 Second Price מכירות מסוג במכירות מסוג second price תמיד כדאי לתת bid בגובה ה - valuation הרווח של הזוכה (bidder’s surplus) הוא ההפרש בין ה - valuation שלו וה - second best valuation ה - surplus יורד ככל שיש יותר bidders ( למה ?)

Collusion in the Vickrey auction 0 b = highest bid among other bidders Example: two colluding bidders price colluder 1 would pay when colluders bid truthfully v 2 = second colluder’s true valuation v 1 = first colluder’s true valuation price colluder 1 would pay if colluder 2 does not bid gains to be distributed among colluders

15 First Price מכירות מסוג במכירות fist price קיים tradeoff: –אם ניתן bid גבוה מה - valuation נפסיד –אם נותנים bid בגובה ה - valuation אזי לבטח לא יהיה surplus –אם ניתן הצעה נמוכה מה - valuation אז אמנם נשלם מחיר נמוך יותר אם נזכה, אבל הסיכוי לזכייה יורד

First-price sealed-bid auction BNE Suppose every bidder (independently) draws a valuation from [0, 1] What is a Bayes-Nash equilibrium for this? Say a bidder with value v i bids v i (n-1)/n Claim: this is an equilibrium! Proof: suppose all others use this strategy For a bid b < v i, the probability of winning is (bn/(n-1)) n-1, so the expected surplus is (v i -b)(bn/(n-1)) n-1 Derivative w.r.t. b is - (bn/(n-1)) n-1 + (v i -b)(n-1)b n-2 (n/(n-1)) n-1 which should set to be equal to zero (for finding the revenue-maximizing b) Implies –b + (v i -b)(n-1) = 0, which solves to b = v i (n-1)/n

Analyzing the expected revenue of the first-price and second-price (Vickrey) auctions First-price auction: probability of there not being a bid higher than b is (bn/(n-1)) n –This is the cumulative density function of the highest bid Probability density function is the derivative, that is, it is nb n-1 (n/(n-1)) n Expected value of highest bid is n(n/(n-1)) n ∫ (n-1)/n b n db = (n-1)/(n+1) Second-price auction: probability of there not being two bids higher than b is b n + nb n-1 (1-b) –This is the cumulative density function of the second-highest bid Probability density function is the derivative, that is, it is nb n-1 + n(n-1)b n-2 (1-b) - nb n-1 = n(n-1)(b n-2 - b n-1 ) Expected value is (n-1) – n(n-1)/(n+1) = (n-1)/(n+1)

Revenue equivalence theorem Suppose valuations for the single item are drawn i.i.d. from a continuous distribution over [L, H] (with no “gaps”), and agents are risk-neutral Then, any two auction mechanisms that –in equilibrium always allocate the item to the bidder with the highest valuation, and –give an agent with valuation L an expected utility of 0, will lead to the same expected revenue for the auctioneer

19 More Bidders More bidders leads to higher prices More bidders leads to less surplus Example (second price auction): Each bidder has a valuation of either $20 or $40, each with equal probability

Number of Bidders Two bidders Pr{20,20}=Pr{20,40}=Pr{40,20}=Pr{40,40}= ¼ Expected price = ¾ (20)+ ¼ (40) = 25 Three bidders Pr{20,20,20}=Pr{20,20,40}=Pr{20,40,20} =Pr{20,40,40}=Pr{40,20,20}=Pr{40,20,40} =Pr{40,40,20}=Pr{40,40,40}= 1/8 Expected price = (4/8) (20) + (4/8) (40) = 30

Number of Bidders Assume more generally that valuations are drawn uniformly from [20,40] Expected price:

Designing Auctions How many objects are to be auctioned? Is there a reserve price? Is the reserve price known to bidders? How are bids collected? Who is the “winner”? How much does the winner have to pay?

Designing an Efficient Auction Highest valuation receives the object If highest valuation is greater than seller’s value, sale is consummated If there are gains from trade Neither first-price nor second-price auction guarantees both

Inefficiencies First-price Auction Highest valuation may be higher than seller’s value But: bid-shading results in lower bid Second-Price Auction Highest valuation may be higher than seller’s value But: second-highest value, which determines the price, might not be

Second Price Auctions: Horsing Around A “phantom bid” may be placed after the seller knows the other bids Place a bid just below the highest bid Essentially: makes a second-price auction a first-price auction English Auction: “plants” fake bidders to drive up the price

Complementarity and substitutability How valuable one item is to a bidder may depend on whether the bidder possesses another item Items a and b are complementary if v({a, b}) > v({a}) + v({b}) E.g. Items a and b are substitutes if v({a, b}) < v({a}) + v({b}) E.g.

Inefficiency of sequential auctions Suppose your valuation function is v( ) = $200, v( ) = $100, v( ) = $500 Now suppose that there are two (say, Vickrey) auctions, the first one for and the second one for What should you bid in the first auction (for )? If you bid $200, you may lose to a bidder who bids $250, only to find out that you could have won for $200 If you bid anything higher, you may pay more than $200, only to find out that sells for $1000 Sequential (and parallel) auctions are inefficient

Combinatorial auctions v( ) = $500 v( ) = $700 v( ) = $300 Simultaneously for sale:,, bid 1 bid 2 bid 3 used in truckload transportation, industrial procurement, radio spectrum allocation, …

Exponentially many bundles In general, in a combinatorial auction with set of items I (|I| = m) for sale, a bidder could have a different valuation for every subset S of I –Implicit assumption: no externalities (bidder does not care what the other bidders win) Must a bidder communicate 2 m values? –Impractical –Also difficult for the bidder to evaluate every bundle

מכרז הכל משלמים כל קונה משלם את הצעת המחיר שהגיש, בין אם זכה בחפץ ובין אם לא לדוגמה, במירוץ חימוש בין מדינות, המדינה הזוכה במירוץ היא זו שהגיעה לכמות החימוש הגדולה ביותר, ואמנם כל המדינות " משלמות " את גודל השקעתן.

מכרז MaxPrice הצרכנים התבקשו להציע עבור כל מוצר מחיר עד לתקרה מסוימת, וההצעה הגבוהה ביותר שלא ניתנה על ידי יותר מאדם אחד - זכתה במוצר הגשת הצעה כרוכה בעלות האמנם מדובר במכרז ?

התרגיל התכנותי המנצח משלם תשלום בגובה ההצעה שנתן במכירה פומבית זו ( שהיא הגבוהה ביותר מבין ההצעות, שכן הוא המנצח ). המנצח משלם תשלום בגובה ההצעה השנייה בגובהה שניתנה עבור המוצר במכירה פומבית זו. המנצח משלם תשלום בגובה אחת מההצעות אשר נבחרה באקראי מבין ההצעות שניתנו על - ידי המשתתפים במכרז ( כולל הוא עצמו ). המנצח משלם תשלום בגובה ההצעה שנתן או ההצעה השנייה הגבוהה ביותר שהתקבלה מהמשתתפים במכרז, כאשר הבחירה בין השתיים היא בחירה אקראית. המנצח משלם תשלום בגובה ההצעה הנמוכה ביותר מבין אלו שניתנו במכירה פומבית זו.