Riverine Cultures & Civilization, BCE

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Presentation transcript:

Riverine Cultures & Civilization, 3500 - 2000BCE Emergence of Civilization Control of Civilizations IDs: Gilgamesh, Standard of Ur, Horus

Argument In the riverine cultures of Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus River and China, civilization was based upon unions of kingship and religion and social hierarchies, in which elite groups controlled surplus production, building programs & writing.

I. Emergence of Civilization A. 7000-3500 BCE: Village agriculture & pastoral nomadism

B. Six “First” Civilizations, 3500-1400 BCE

C. Riverine Cultures (River Valley Civilizations) Mesopotamia: 3500 BCE (Tigris & Euphrates) Egypt: 3000 BCE (Nile) Indus Valley: 3000 BCE (Indus) China: 2200 BCE (Yellow & Yangzi)

Why there? Old argument – rivers New argument – dense population

D. Characteristics of Civilization 1. Cities

City walls & gates Babylon Ishtar Gate

2. Occupational Specialization

Highly productive agriculture Art Monumental Buildings

3. Complex Religious & Political Structures

a. Temples and palaces Mesopotamian ziggurat

b. Bureaucracies of Priests & Specialized Officials Writing Mesopotamia: Cuneiform

Egypt: Hieroglyphics & Demotic Script

China: Oracle Bones Divination

4. Distinct Social Classes & Social Hierarchy Elites Religion (priests) Kingship (kings, nobles) Elites

Mesopotamian Social Hierarchy Kings Priests Officers, Bureaucrats & Specialized Craftsmen (Patricians) Dependent Workers (Plebeians) Slaves

Standard of Ur (2600-2400 BCE)

Egyptian Social Hierarchy Pharaoh Elites: High Priests & Nobles Local Officials, Lesser Priests & Nobles Peasants Slaves

II. Control of Civilizations A. Mesopotamia 1. City-states (political organization)

2. Union of Religion & Kingship Mesopotamian city gods

3. Divine legitimacy for king’s rule Gilgamesh Enkidu Enlil

4. Building Programs Babylon Ishtar Gate

5. Writing Cuneiform Epic of Gilgamesh

Later: States Sargon the Great of Akkad (reigned 2334-2279 BCE)

B. Egypt Union of Kingship & Religion Osiris Isis Horus dead pharaoh = Osiris live pharaoh = Horus

2. Divine legitimacy Horus King as shepherd

3. Building Programs

4. Writing Hieroglyphics & Demotic Script

Argument In the riverine cultures of Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus River and China, civilization was based upon unions of kingship and religion and social hierarchies, in which elite groups controlled surplus production, building programs & writing.