Risk stratification and incidence of acute complications in upper extremity deep vein thrombosis (UEDVT) patients. Dr. Santosh Yatam Ganesh MBBS, MPH., Mentors: Dr. Khalid J. Qazi MD, MACP., Dr. Paul Anain MD, FACS. VI.XII.MMXIII

Overview of the presentation Purpose of research Epidemiology Introduction to Upper extremity deep vein thrombosis (UEDVT) Research design Results Discussion Conclusion

Purpose of research To understand the risk factors of the UEDVT; To identify complications rate due to UEDVT during the hospital stay; This study will help optimize patient care and decrease the incidence of UEDVT;

Epidemiology Annual incidence is per 10,000 people; Of all the deep vein thrombosis cases, nearly 10% involve upper extremity; Incidence increasing; – Peripherally inserted central catheter(PICC), – Central venous catheter(CVC), – Malignancy. Complications are rare; – Pulmonary embolism, – SVC syndrome, – Post thrombotic venous insufficiency.

Introduction to Upper extremity deep vein thrombosis (UEDVT) Defined as a thrombus in any of the upper extremity deep veins. Deep veins of upper extremity: Radial, Ulnar, Brachial, Axillary, Subclavian, Internal Jugular. Superficial veins of upper extremity: Digital, Metacarpal, Cephalic, Basilic, Median. Primary Secondary Venous thoracic outlet syndrome, Effort-related thrombosis (Paget–Schroetter syndrome) or Idiopathic. PICC, CVC, Malignancy.

The Computerized Registry of Patients with Venous Thromboembolism (RIETE): – Multicenter study involving Spain, France, Italy, Israel, Argentina – Data released by CHEST in 2008 – total. 512 had UEDVT. – Significant findings compared to lower extremity DVT: younger age, Lower BMI, association with Cancer, higher overall mortality. – Also more association with PE compared to without UEDVT. 9% had PE

At University of California Recent article One year study Out of 373 patients underwent Ultrasound 94 had DVT Mean age 51 46(49%) had malignancy Pain swelling common symptoms 11 patients had PE Subclavian : most common vein

One year data from 12 hospitals. Total 483. Out of which 69 had UEDVT Significantly associated with Central lines, ICU admissions No difference in 30 days, 6 months and 1year outcomes No statistical difference in association to cancer UEDVTLEDVT 16 per 10,00071 per 10,000 AGE: 5966

Research Question To find the risk factors in patients with upper extremity deep venous thrombosis; To find the incidence of acute complications related to upper extremity deep venous thrombosis;

Methodology Study populations was identified using ICD9 codes. Either admitting diagnosis or diagnosed during the hospital stay. Retrospective chart review. Data from last three years. At Sisters of charity hospital and Mercy hospital of Buffalo. Used EMR and paper charts.

Inclusion criteria : Adults age above 18. Patients with newly diagnosed upper extremity deep vein thrombosis. Diagnosis during hospitalization or at admission. Confirmatory evidence of diagnosis. Exclusion criteria : Patients without confirmatory evidence in the imaging will be excluded. Patients who have chronic deep vein thrombosis with duration greater than 60 days. Other thrombosis like in lower extremity.

Total charts : 327 Thrombosis in UE: 272 UEDVT: 187 Superficial vein thrombosis: 85 Excluded: 55 Results

Age Distribution for DVT patients only

Veins

Frequency % Cumulative % PICC CVC/Dialysis/Mediport Pacemaker/AICD Unidentified none Total

N% PE147.5 SVC94.8 Other21.1 None Total187100

Comparing Upper extremity deep venous thrombosis with superficial venous thrombosis

< >71Total Deep VT Superficial VT Total

SymptomsDVT(%)SVT(%)p ValueRelative riskCI Swelling148(79)69(81) Pain59(31)17(20) Erythema17(9)8(9.4)

Lines frequency in Deep venous thrombosis and Superficial venous thrombosis patients PICCCVC/Dialysis /Mediport Pacemaker/ AICD UnidentifiedNone DVT SVT Total

COMORBIDITYDVT(%)SVT(%)p-valueRRCI HTN121(65)51(60) SMOKING92(49)38(44) CANCER63(33)10(12)< DYSLIPIDEMIA61(33)26(31) COPD58(31)21(25) DM56(30)26(31) O.852 CHF53(28)18(21)

COMORBIDITYDVT(%)SVT(%)p-valueRRCI SEPSIS51(27)19(22) CAD46(24)16(19) H/o DVT39(20)7(8) HYPOTHYROIDIS M 38(20)8(9) CKD37(20)5(6) CVA/TIA20(11)8(9) H/o Hypercoagulable 18(10)2(3)

Frequency of Complications in hospitals For Pulmonary embolism comparing DVT and SVT p Value is rr: 2.12, CI:

p Value: 0.013, rr: 3.78 CI: Complications during hospitalization comparing Deep VT vs. Superficial VT

Discussion Demographics: Age – 65% of patients are above the age of 65. – Mean age is higher compared to RIETE study. Gender: – No major difference. Race: – More common in Whites. – Results are similar to the study done at University at California. BMI: – Increase in BMI increases risk for UEDVT. – Average weight is higher than other studies.

Risk Factors: Smoking: – Nearly 50%. HTN, COPD, Cancer, Dyslipidemia: – In more than 1/3 rd of patients. CHF, Sepsis, CAD: – In more than 1/4 th of the patients. Investigation tool: US is the most commonly used diagnostic modality – Sensitivity75-95%. – Specificity 95-98%. Symptoms: Swelling is the most common symptom. Lines: PICC, CVC, PACEMAKER/AICD: 75%. 2/3 rd of patients were on DVT prevention prophylaxis with anticoagulants.

Comparing UEDVT and Superficial vein: Pain is associated with UEDVT; Lines are important risk for UEDVT compared to SVT; History of previous DVT increases risk for future DVT compared to SVT; Cancer, CKD and Hypothyroidism are associated with UEDVT than SVT; Overall more complications from UEDVT during hospital stay;

Study done by Liviu et al (publishes in Chest in 2008) it showed statistically significant association of hypothyroidism and DVT. No studies particularly on UEDVT. Daneschvar et al study has shown the association between the UEDVT and CKD. They compared the 268 patients with CKD with 4,307 patients with preserved kidney function. 30% Patient with CKD had UEDVT compared to 10 without ckd. A study at University of California by Jung-Ah lee on 373 UEDVT patients cancer was diagnosed in 48% of patients. We had lesser number of patients with cancer however hospitals we conducted study does not have dedicated cancer floors.

Conclusions Clinical profile of patients with UEDVT and Superficial thrombosis were variable. Suspect UEDVT compared to Superficial thrombosis – Swelling – Cancer – CKD – Hypothyroidism – With Lines Patients with UEDVT overall experience more complications than Superficial vein thrombosis during the hospital stay. First study to find differences in risk factors for Deep vein thrombosis vs Superficial thrombosis in Upper extremity.

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Special thanks Mentors: Dr. Qazi & Dr. Anain. Guidance: Dr. Woodman & Dr. Tourbaf. Acknowledgement Statistician: Dr. Satchidanand.