Genshu Lu, Wenjing Hu, Zhengxia Peng, Hui Kang Institute of Higher Education Xi’an Jiaotong University The Influence of Undergraduate Students' Academic Involvement and Learning Environment on Learning Outcomes 此演示文稿演示 PowerPoint 的新功能，最好在“幻灯片放映”中查看。设计这些幻灯片，是为了让您在 PowerPoint 2010 中制作演示文稿时获得一些启发! 有关其他样本模板，请单击“文件”选项卡，然后在“新建”选项卡上，单击“样本模板”。

Main content 1 Introduction 2 Literature review 3 Research design 4 Results 4 Conclusions and suggestions 5 Genshu Lu, XJTU 2017/4/11

Introduction Influence of students’ Individual factor, educational environment factor and their interactions on students’ learning and development is a key issue focused by many researchers. Many researches discussed the impact of student individual factor, such as individual background, involvement and academic engagement and so forth on their learning and development (Pike,1991； Thompson et al. ,2006; Lu et al., 2013). Some other researchers explored the impact of educational environment on students’ learning and development (Kember & Gow, 1994;Trigwell & Prosser, 1991;Majeed, Fraser, & Aldridge, 2002;Pascarella & Blimling, 1996;Lu et al., 2010) 1.发展速度快； 2.规模全球最大。 2017/4/11 Genshu Lu, XJTU

Introduction Though some researchers stated individual factor, educational environment factor and their interactions impacted on students’ learning and development, in China mainland, for the lack of data, this influence is rarely verified empirically. Hence, this study, applying the data of Xi’an Jiaotong University Undergraduate Experience Survey attempts to empirically discuss the impact of campus climate, classroom learning environment and the individual factors like students’ academic involvement/engagement on students learning outcomes (like intellectual skill development, GPA). 1.发展速度快； 2.规模全球最大。 2017/4/11 Genshu Lu, XJTU

Introduction This study is mainly around the following questions: a) How to measure learning environment? b) How to measure students’ academic involvement/ engagement? c) What is the relationship between students’ learning environment, academic involvement/engagement and students’ learning outcomes? Methodologically, structural equation model is applied to explore the relationship between learning environment, academic involvement/engagement and students learning outcomes and the connection of these factors more accurately and completely. 1.发展速度快； 2.规模全球最大。 2017/4/11 Genshu Lu, XJTU

Literature Review The relationship between learning environment and learning outcomes The influence of learning environment on learning outcomes is the key issue focused by many researchers They discussed the influence of learning environment at different levels, including classroom level, faculty level and university level, on learning outcomes. 2017/4/11 Genshu Lu, XJTU

Literature Review The relationship between learning environment and learning outcomes As the indicators adopted to describe learning outcomes differ a lot, such as students’ cognitive development, the freshman retention, GPA, the pursuit of graduate education, employment outcome or emotional development and so forth, the exploration of the relationship between learning environment and learning outcomes involves in many aspects (Lu & Yang, 2008). 2017/4/11 Genshu Lu, XJTU

Literature Review The relationship between learning environment and learning outcomes The connections between learning environment and academic achievement are mainly focused by researchers. These researches applied different research methods and samples (like students in different countries, different types of universities and classes). These researches indicated that students’ perception of environment exerted significant influence on their academic achievements (Goh, Young, & Fraser, 1995). 2017/4/11 Genshu Lu, XJTU

The relationship between learning environment and learning outcomes Literature Review The relationship between learning environment and learning outcomes Some research found that student perceived classroom environment influenced students’ academic achievements through its influence on students’ learning styles (Lizzio, Wilson, & Simons, 2002). Some researchers explored the influence of various learning environment on students’ intellectual skills. Kuh’s (2006) study indicates that students who entered the selective colleges of arts performed better at participation level, self reported achievements and intellectual and skill development than those from other types of universities. 2017/4/11 Genshu Lu, XJTU

The relationship between learning environment and learning outcomes Literature Review The relationship between learning environment and learning outcomes Some researchers focused on the relationship between learning environment and students’ emotional development. Wolf & Fraser’s (2008) research presented that learning environment was significantly predictable to students’ attitude which was related to science. 2017/4/11 Genshu Lu, XJTU

Literature Review The relationship between learning environment and learning involvement/academic engagement Study results indicated that, in general, learning environment had significant impact on students’ academic involvement/ engagement. (Umbach & Wawrzynski，2005；Wu & Huang，2007) 2017/4/11 Genshu Lu, XJTU

Literature Review The relationship between learning engagement and learning outcomes Some researches argued that academic involvement/ engagement played crucial role in promoting the development of cognitive skills and getting better achievements. 2017/4/11 Genshu Lu, XJTU

Literature Review The relationship between learning environment, academic involvement/engagement and learning outcomes Some researches comprehensively explored the influence of learning environment, academic involvement/ engagement on learning outcomes, finding the close connection between them. 2017/4/11 Genshu Lu, XJTU

Research design Sample This research data is collected through the survey of 14,759 undergraduate (except those whose four year system were extended and international students) on April 6, 2012 by means of network questionnaire. 5,188 questionnaires are collected, accounting for 35.15%, among which 3,946 are valid, accounting for 76.06%. Genshu Lu, XJTU 2011/4/15

Research design Survey instrument Xi‘an Jiaotong University Undergraduate Experience Survey Module A： Part 1: Academic engagement Part 2 : Student life and target Part 3 : Background and individual characteristics Module B： Option 1: the use of techniques, Option 2: global skills and cognition Module C： General education Classroom learning environment

The result of factor analysis and reliability analysis Research design The result of factor analysis and reliability analysis on student perceived classroom learning environment

Research design Factor Item No. Items Eigen- value Explained variance（%） Relia- bility Factor1 10 I found my studies intellectually Stimulating 6.253 10.42 0.924 Factor2 7 Teacher considered our self-esteem 5.785 9.642 0.921 Factor3 Worked with classmate for completing assignment 4.844 8.073 0.882 Factor4 I found a course very difficult 4.323 7.205 0.890 Factor5 8 The course content was organized in a systematic way 3.786 6.309 0.873 Factor6 4 Studied by our own pace and rate 3.204 5.341 0.839 Factor7 Faculty awarded critical thinking or achievement 3.165 5.275 0.871 Factor8 3 Frequency talked with faculty member or advisor 2.591 4.318 0.867 Factor9 Classmates compete intensely 2.471 4.118 0.779

Research design Student perceived classroom learning environment can be measured by 9 factors including: intellectual motivation(factor 1) teacher-student relationship (factor 2), cooperation (factor 3) learning difficulty (factor 4), course organization (factor 5), autonomous selection (factor 6), teaching innovation (factor 7), encouraging student (factor 8), peer competition (factor9). The reliability coefficients of 9 factors range from 0.779 to 0.924. Genshu Lu, XJTU 2011/4/15

Research design The result of factor analysis and reliability analysis on student perceived campus climate 2011/4/15 Genshu Lu, XJTU

Research design Factor Item No. Items Eigen- value Explained variance（%） Relia- bility Factor1 5 This institution values students' opinions 3.267 36.30 0.803 Factor2 2 Attending a research university is important to me 1.241 13.79 0.535 Factor3 The emphasis on research detracts from the quality of teaching on this campus 1.023 11.37 0.506 2011/4/15 Genshu Lu, XJTU

Research design Student perceived campus climate can be measured by three factors including student concerning (factor 1) social network(factor 2), teaching drifting (factor 3). The reliability coefficients of 3 factors range from 0.506 to 0.803. 2011/4/15 Genshu Lu, XJTU

Research design The result of factor analysis and reliability analysis on academic involvement/engagement 2011/4/15 Genshu Lu, XJTU

Research design Factor Item No. Items Eigen-value Explained variance（%） Relia- bility Factor1 6 Communicated with a faculty member by email or in person 3.588 10.55 0.843 Factor2 Examined how others gathered and interpreted data and assessed the soundness of their conclusions 3.567 10.49 0.849 Factor3 5 Asked an insightful question in class 2.811 8.27 0.767 Factor4 Raised your standard for acceptable effort due to the high standards of a faculty Member 2.421 7.12 0.769 Factor5 4 Gone to class without completing assigned reading 2.359 6.99 0.750 Factor6 3 Explain methods, ideas, or concepts and use them to solve problems 2.240 6.59 0.766 Factor7 Turned in a paper of 20 or more than 20 pages 2.018 5.94 0.702 Factor8 2 Turned in a paper less than 3 pages 1.513 4.45 0.620 2011/4/15 Genshu Lu, XJTU

Research design Academic involvement/engagement can be measured by 8 factors including teacher-faculty interaction (factor 1) critical thinking(factor 2) academic challenge(factor3) extracurricular engagement (factor 4) lack of engagement (factor 5) understanding and analysis(factor 6) heavier learning load (factor 7) lighter learning load (factor 8). The reliability coefficients of 8 factors range from 0.620 to 0.849. Genshu Lu,XJTU 2011/4/15

Research design The result of factor analysis and reliability analysis on student intellectual skills development Genshu Lu, XJTU 2011/4/15

Research design Factor Item No. Items Eigen- value Explained variance（%） Relia-bility Factor1 8 Ability to be clear and effective when writing 3.795 18.97 0.853 Factor2 6 Library research skills 3.751 18.76 0.844 Factor3 Ability to appreciate cultural and global diversity 3.589 17.94 0.852 Genshu Lu, XJTU 2011/4/15

Research design Intellectual skills can be measured by core skill (factor 1), research skill(factor 2), self cognition and social communication(factor 3). The reliability coefficients of 3 factors range from 0.844 to 0.852. The added-value of students’ intellectual skills is constructed by using students’ current intellectual development status score minus the scores of that when they just entered university. Genshu Lu, XJTU 2011/4/15

Research design The result of factor analysis and reliability analysis on student perceived satisfaction of learning experience Genshu Lu, XJTU 2011/4/15

Research design Factor Item No. Items Eigen- value Explained variance（%） Relia- bility Factor1 7 Satisfaction-subsidy 3.196 17.75 0.811 Factor2 5 Satisfaction-courses 3.183 17.68 0.847 Factor3 4 Satisfaction-overall academic experience 2.486 13.81 0.780 Factor4 2 I feel that I belong at this campus 1.776 9.87 0.746 Genshu Lu, XJTU 2011/4/15

Research design Student perceived satisfaction of learning experience can be measured by environmental support(factor 1), quality of course (factor 2), campus life(factor 3), sense of belonging (factor 4). The reliability coefficients of 4 factors range from 0.746 to 0.847. Genshu Lu, XJTU 2011/4/15

Research design Analysis method Structural equation model is applied in this study to simultaneously and holistically discuss the influence of learning environment and academic involvement/ engagement on learning outcomes. Genshu Lu, XJTU 2011/4/15

Results The basic characteristics of student perceived classroom learning environment In general, students are satisfied with perceived classroom learning environment

Results Dimension N Mean SD Intellectual motivation 3946 4.22 0.54 Teacher-student relationship 4.49 Cooperation 4.46 0.41 Learning difficulty 3.44 0.60 Course organization 3.79 0.51 Autonomous selection 3.53 0.85 Teaching Innovation 3.75 0.69 Encouraging Student 3.72 0.90 Peer competition 4.02 0.59

Results Analysis on basic characteristics of student perceived campus climate Dimension N Mean SD Student concerning 3946 4.08 0.62 Social network 4.45 0.58 Teaching drifting 2.73 0.68 Students have positive experience of campus climate and fairly agree university’s concerning about students. Meanwhile, they also value the social network provided by university and disagree or fairly disagree the phenomenon of teaching drifting

Results Analysis on basic characteristics of student academic involvement/engagement Dimension N Mean SD Teacher-faculty interaction 3946 2.76 0.74 Critical thinking 3.40 0.71 Academic challenge 3.07 0.58 Extracurricular Engagement 3.63 Lack of engagement 2.44 0.57 Understanding and analysis 3.64 0.80 Heavy learning load 2.75 0.95 Light learning load 3.57 1.39

Results Students have better experience in the dimensions of critical thinking, extracurricular engagement and understanding and analysis. Student experience in student faculty interaction, academic challenge, heavier load fluctuates around “sometimes”

Results The basic characteristics of student self-reported intellectual development Intellectual skills Started Current Value Added Mean SD Core skills 3.13 0.44 3.69 0.42 0.56 0.46 Research skills 2.54 0.43 3.72 0.45 1.17 0.51 Self cognition and social communication 3.25 4.04 0.48 0.80 After accepting university education, student intellectual skills developed greatly, especially in research skills and self cognition and social communication

Results Analysis on basic characteristics of student perceived satisfaction of university learning experience Satisfaction of learning experience N Mean SD Environmental support 3946 4.09 0.48 Quality of course 3.87 0.56 Campus life 3.62 0.64 Sense of belonging 1.20 Students are relatively satisfied with their learning experience

Results The impact of learning environment, academic engagement on learning outcomes: SEM

Results Student perceived learning environment, level of academic involvement/engagement, their intellectual skill development and satisfaction of university learning experience are correlated. That is, student who perceived the better learning environment reported higher levels of academic involvement/engagement, better intellectual skill development and more satisfied with university learning experience. Student perceived classroom learning environment and campus climate are positively correlated.

Results While comparing the influence of students perceived classroom learning environment with that of student perceived campus climate, we can see that students perceived classroom learning environment has direct and greater impact on the level of their academic involvement/engagement, intellectual skill development and satisfaction with university learning experience.

Results The level of students’ academic involvement/engagement is positively correlated to their intellectual skill development whereas negatively related to student perceived satisfaction of university learning experience, which indicates more academic involvement/engagement would do good to students’ intellectual skill development but may raise their expectations and requirements to university education. Thereby, more engaged student might report lower level of satisfaction of university learning experience. 4/11/2017 Genshu Lu, XJTU

Results Undergraduate intellectual skill development is positively associated with their perceived satisfaction of university learning experience. That means student who performed better in intellectual skill development reported a higher level of satisfaction with university learning experience. 4/11/2017 Genshu Lu, XJTU

Conclusions and Suggestions Students perceive good classroom learning environment and campus climate. In their perception of all aspects of classroom learning environment, factors like teacher student relationship, cooperation and intellectual motivation are the best. Factors including peer competition, course organization, teaching innovation, encouraging student are better whereas factors like autonomous selection and learning difficulty are to be improved. Hence, the classroom learning environment is to be further optimized.

Conclusions and Suggestions The level of undergraduates’ academic involvement/ engagement is high. Students engage themselves frequently into extracurricular activities as well as understanding and analysis activities. They sometimes take on heavy-loaded learning tasks and they perform a certain level of engagement in teacher student relationship, critical thinking and academic challenge. There hardly exists the phenomenon of “lack of engagement”. Therefore, student faculty interaction should be strengthened and academic challenge should be raised to promote student academic involvement/engagement.

Conclusions and Suggestions Students intellectual skills are well developed. Seen from value-added, research skills developed best, then followed self-cognition and social communication while the least developing in core skills. This means the core skill training should be enforced to make the better development of student intellectual skills. Undergraduates are fairly satisfied with their university learning experience, of which students are best satisfied with environmental support and sense of belonging, then with course quality, whereas the factor of campus life should be enhanced.

Conclusions and Suggestions Learning environment and the level of student academic involvement/engagement have positive effect on undergraduates’ learning outcomes, which means by optimizing learning environment, especially the classroom learning environment and raising student academic involvement/engagement, students’ learning outcomes could be improved. This provides a brand new perspectives for improving learning quality.

Thank you ！ Genshu Lu, Wenjing Hu, Zhengxia Peng, Hui Kang Institute of Higher Education Xi’an Jiaotong University Thank you ！