Developing a Multicultural Perspective for Today’s Classrooms Sonia Nieto Project Opportunity April 2010

the achievement gap

We are dealing, it would seem, not so much with culturally deprived children as with culturally depriving schools. And the task to be accomplished is not to revise, amend, and repair deficient children, but to alter and transform the atmosphere and operations of the schools to which we commit these children. William Ryan, Blaming the Victim (1972) “Culturally deprived children” s

Challenging the “deficit Perspective” and reframing the discourse “at-risk students” “sped kids “non-English speaking” “crack babies” “achievement gap” “risk-producing environments’ “children with special needs” “Vietnamese-speaking”, or “children becoming bilingual” “babies born addicted to crack” “resource gap” or “caring gap”

Resource Gap school financing physical plant computers and books enriching curricular activities extracurricular activities teachers Caring Gap teachers’ lack of knowledge and preparation for working with diverse populations shortage of teachers of diverse backgrounds teachers who want to teach in schools like they attended

structural inequality, racism, and classism school funding and resources available in schools school location teacher experience and education school preparedness and commitment to teach students different from themselves etc.

Framework for developing a multicultural perspective for today’s classrooms Sociopolitical context of schools and society (institutional/ ideological) Sociocultural knowledge and understandings Personal values and commitments

Sociopolitical context Societal level: –Who counts? Who has access to education? health care? employment? housing? Who can speak their native language in the community? at work? –What counts? Whose language is “standard”? Whose lifestyle is “normal”? School level: –How do school policies and practices benefit some students over others? (curriculum, pedagogy, disciplinary policies, hiring practices, parent outreach, etc.) –Ex, Curriculum: Whose knowledge counts? What knowledge does the curriculum reflect? Whose perspective is represented? Who benefits? Who loses?

SOCIOCULTURAL knowledge and understandings Who are the students in our classrooms and schools? What experiences, talents, strengths, and resources do they bring to their education? –What cultural resources do they have? –What languages do they speak? –What resources do their parents/families have? –What resources are available in their communities? How can I use students’ personal talents and strengths and family and community “funds of knowledge” in the curriculum?

PERSONAL VALUES AND COMMITMENTS Understanding that racism, classism, sexism, and other biases are all around us Examining our own commitments, values, and biases Doing something about it

Access Equity Quality EDUCATION for all students =

Asking “profoundly multicultural questions” Who’s taking calculus? physics? Are there enough labs for all students? Is the bilingual (ESL, ELL, or special education) program in the basement? (hall closet?under the stairway? next to the boiler?) What are our children worth? Who’s teaching the children? Asking “profoundly multicultural questions”:

BECOMING A TRUE MULTICULTURAL EDUCATOR Identity, difference, power, and privilege are all connected Multicultural education is inclusive of many differences Education is always political; it cannot be separated from the sociopolitical context in which it exists Teachers are not the villains (neither are principals or superintendents) because structural issues matter a great deal, but teachers and other educators take responsibility for holding high expectations for all students

Characteristics of Multicultural Education Anti-racist/anti-bias education Basic education Important for all students/people Pervasive A process Education for social justice Critical pedagogy

Anti-racist, anti-bias education Pays attention to how some students benefit over others in school policies and practices Not simply celebratory: it welcomes “dangerous discourse” Teaches young people skills in combating bias Confronts racism and other biases directly through content, approaches, and pedagogy:

Basic Education As necessary as reading, writing, arithmetic, and computer literacy Part of the core curriculum A more representative, more truthful canon Preparation for living in an increasingly diverse, complex, and interconnected world

Important for all students Not just for “urban,” “minority,” “at risk,” “disadvantaged” students All students have been miseducated, although in different ways

Pervasive Not a specific subject matter, unit, class, or teacher Not just ethnic tidbits, holidays, festivals, or fairs A philosophy; a way of thinking about the world

education for social justice Challenges, confronts, and disrupts untruths, misconceptions, and stereotypes Provides all students with the resources necessary to become fully human and to learn to their full potential (both material and emotional)

education for social justice Draws on students’ resources, talents, and strengths, and “funds of knowledge” (González & Moll, 2005) Creates a learning environment that promotes critical thinking and agency for social change

A Process Beyond curriculum and materials, textbooks and units Dynamic, ongoing, ever-changing Involves intangibles o Relationships o Communication

Critical pedagogy Recognizes that knowledge is neither neutral nor apolitical and that every educational decision is a political decision Teaches students to question, explore and critique Helps teachers and students understand different perspectives Helps students and teachers move beyond their partial (and therefore) limited experiences Not about “political correctness,” but about affirmation and respect for all students of all backgrounds

Being effective teachers in today’s classrooms Learn about your students Become a sociocultural mediator Expect the best from students Teach students to be critical learners Understand that teaching is advocacy

Learn about your students to connect with families Mary Cowhey: “You write about reading the class. I guess I jump the gun. Part of how I address my fear about the first day of school is to face it, as you suggest…”

Learn About your students to develop relationships Yahaira Marquez: “I appreciate the relationships I’ve developed with many of my students. Having students look up to me as not only their English teacher, but as a mentor when they need one, has allowed me to see them as whole people…”

Become a Sociocultural mediator Encourage families to use native languages at home: reading, writing, speaking, and listening Encourage students to retain ethnic ties Develop an authentically cultural/ multicultural curriculum

Become a sociocultural mediator Mary Ginley: “I'm a White, middle- class woman who grew up in a White, middle- class neighborhood and went to a White middle-class college. I knew if I was really going to teach today’s kids, I had a lot to learn.”

Being nice is not enough “Every child needs to feel welcome, to feel comfortable. School is a foreign land to most kids (where else in the world would you spend time circling answers and filling in the blanks?), but the more distant a child’s culture and language are from the culture and language of the school, the more at risk that child is. A warm friendly, helpful teacher is nice but it isn’t enough…

Expect the best from students High standards need to be accompanied by high expectations Low expectations get in the way of achievement Rashaud Kates: “Being an African American student, to me, really it’s kinda tense…”

Expect the best from students I hope to become the kind of teacher whose trust and faith in his students translate into unwavering expectations… I used to believe it was enough for my students to discover and trust their own voice, to write at a level and style that pleased them. Seth Peterson

Teach Students to be Critical Learners “I say that reading is not just to walk on the words, and it is not flying over the words either. Reading is re-writing what we are reading” Paulo Freire

Teach Students to be Critical Teach students to probe, to be curious, and to question. Ron Morris: “I like history the way Seymour teaches it… it’s like the reading is so real. The message here is just so powerful. Instead of just reading, we discuss…”

Understand that teaching is advocacy for social and political change What’s the content of the curriculum? Who’s included? Who’s left out? (Freire: “Who benefits? Who loses?”) Who are the teachers, counselors, administrators? What experience, expertise, and commitment do they have? Are families welcomed into the school? Who’s included? Who’s left out? What kinds of extracurricular choices are available for students? Are all students included? Are students encouraged to be active and critical learners?