The.eu domain name 16 November 2011Berlin,

1..eu 2. EURid 3. What? 4. Legal status 5. WHOIS 6. Registration 7. Disputes (ADR and court) 8. Abuse 9. (near) future 10. Q & A Agenda

1. “.eu” ICANN Resolution: delegation of “.eu” TLD EC Regulation 733/2002: introduction of “.eu” als TLD + tender Establishment of EURid vzw (not-for-profit organisation) by -Belgian (.be) -Italian (.it) -Swedish (.se) Registries EC decision 2003/375: appointment of EURid as RY 2004 – EC Regulation 874/2004: PPR 2004 – EC concession contract EURid 2005 – ICANN delegation to EURid Dec “sunrise applications” for 4 months Apr “landrush” 2013 – Cyrillic and Greek “.eu” (.IDN)

2. EURid = EUropean Registry for Internet Domains.be,.it and.se (founding members).cz,.si, Business Europe and ISCO-ECC (members) HQ = Belgium (45) Regional offices in -Stockholm (Sweden) (6) -Pisa (Italy) (5) and -Prague (Czech Republic) (5) Supporting all 23 official languages of EU (agreements, t&c’s, website, tel, , …) RRs (e.g. One.com (DK), Tucows, GoDaddy (USA), Brights (Japan), …)

2. EURid Regulation 874/2004 (Public Policy Rules): -RY must be not-for profit organisation -Who can register DN? (“eligibility criteria”) -companies, organisations and individuals -with residence in EU -“vertical integration” -No direct registrations by RY itself -Registry/registrar model (registrations via RR – contractual terms) -Phased registration (Sunrise + landrush) -First come first served -ADR - Alternative Dispute Resolution -Reserved DN (bv. europa.eu,…) -Registration procedures

2. EURid ccTLDCOUNTgTLD com 2.de net 4.uk org info 7.cn nl ru eu au fr it pl biz 16.ca us ch es be jp se dk at mobi per November 15, 2012

Art. 2.1 of Belgian Domain Name Law (26 June 2003): “a domain name is the alpha-numeric representation of a numeric IP address enabling a computer connected to the Internet to be identified” = (easiest to remember?)  It’s all about translating names into numbers, just like a telephone book 3. What?

- ICANN (“Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers”) + IANA (“Internet Assigned Numbers Authority”) -manages the “root” server system -assigns IP-adresses -co-ordinates creation of TLD (both gTLD + ccTLD) -contracts with RYs - RIRs (“Regional Internet Registries”) -manage IP-addresses -IPv4 addresses (1983) = 32-bit numbers in decimal notation IPv6 addresses (1999) = 128-bit numbers in hexadecimal strings -2001:0db8:582:ae33::29 -only 5 RIRs, geographically organized: 3. What?

16 May What? City, -LIRs (“Local Internet Registries”) -e.g. EURid, DENIC, SIDN, …

Registry – Registrar – Registrant model (“vertical integration”) RY = authority accredited by ICANN to delegate DN “in the zone” (= matching a DN with an IP address) RR = agent of the RY to register DN (sometimes = ISP, hosting,..) RT = holder of DN 3. What?

- Domain Name Registry = EURid, Denic, SIDN, Nominet, … -manage TLD (assign DN to IP address) -only 1 RY for each TLD -each RY own registration criteria -gTLDs -.com,.netVerisign (USA) -.mobiAfilias (USA) -.bizNeustar (USA) -.org PIR (USA) -ccTLDs -.beDNS.be -.de DENIC -.nlSIDN -.tvVerisign (USA) (=island of Tuvalu) 3. What?

FQDN (Fully Qualified Domain Name) = “trailing dot” (

Your provider His provider internet

Your provider His provider internet

Your provider ? His provider brusselsairport internet

Your provider ? His provider brusselsairport internet.be dns

Your provider His provider internet ?brusselsairport.be dns brusselsairport ? registry

Your provider brusselsairport His provider his provider internet registry his provider

Your provider brusselsairport His provider his provider internet registry brusselsairport ?

Your provider brusselsairport His provider his provider brusselsairport internet registry brusselsairport ?

Your provider brusselsairport His provider his provider brusselsairport internet

Your provider brusselsairport His provider his provider brusselsairport internet

Your provider brusselsairport His provider his provider brusselsairport internet

3. What? -ccTLD = 248 (.be,.nl.,.de,.eu, …) -gTLD = 20 (.com,.net,.org,.info,.mobi) -new gTLDs (in 2012) = 1,930 applications -Geographical (.vla,.gent) -Generic (.poker,.sport) -Community (.gay) -Brand(.motorola,.dell) Min 3, max 63 characters Including non-latin (“IDN”) No numbers (not even in the DN, so.3M is not allowed)

3. What? -IDN (“Internationalized Domain Names”) -Internet = USA (English = Latin script, ASCII codes) -other characters than ASCII code (relevant to EURid): -Swedish å -German ü -Bulgarian (Cyrillic) and Greek alphabet -European Union = 27 member states (+ Croatia in 2013) = 23 official languages EURid must support all EU languages (thus scripts) -Since 2010: IDN operational at EURid (see WHOIS)

3. What? -.IDN (at Top Level Domain) Latin “a” = Cyrillic “a” (axa vs. axa) -EURid proposal to EC to avoid problems and abuses: homoglyph bundling (pending EC approval) = bundling visually identical or similar DN (axa in Latin AND “axa” in Cyrillic given to same RT) no script mixing = not allowing different scripts in a single DN (

- RT of a DN has contract with RR (as agent of RY). - RY grants to holder (RT) a temporary right to USE the DN in consideration of a yearly fee. - No legal basis for relationship between RY and RT (only contract – vertical integration) - Right to USE DN = can be valued => pledge, confiscation, … can be good resort for lawyers 4. Legal status

- is a protocol to lookup a DN in the Registry’s database - provides current status of DN (available or not available) EURid uses the following statuses: Available, registered, withdrawn, on hold, not allowed, blocked, reserved, in quarantine, application pending, out of service - provides current holder details - provides current registrar details - provides current name servers details - captcha code for security reasons (to avoid harvesting) 5. WHOIS

16 May WHOIS (ex) City,

16 May WHOIS (ex) - continued - City,

- Look for good DN (check WHOIS of TLD) - Choose TLD (.com,.eu,…) - Choose RR (local presence? best price? best service?) - Accept RR terms and conditions - First come first served !!! - Check WHOIS (dynamic update = immediate) 6. Registration

- Value of DN leads to disputes 2010: Facebook paid $ 8,5 Mio to “American Farm Bureau Federation” to obtain “fb.com” Regulation (PPR): withdraw DN if: -Registration is identical or confusingly similar to DN for which a prior right exists (trademark, trade names, family names...) and -Registration has occurred without any right or legitimate interest OR -Registration or use in bad faith 7. Disputes (ADR + court)

- 3 ways to solve: 1.Amicably (Facebook – fb.com) 2.Court proceedings 3.Outside court (ADR) (Czech Arbitration Court) 7. Disputes (ADR + court)

Czech Arbitration Court (Prague) => ADR ( EC Regulation: - EURid must take WIPO considerations into account - Procedure must be “similar” to UDRP (established by ICANN) !! UDRP = only if prior right is a TRADEMARK ADR = much broader (incl. trade name, family name) Fully electronic online procedure Panelists (lawyers and IP experts): 1 to 3 Fees: 1300 EUR => 600 (EURid pays 700 EUR) Decision is final unless appeal (court) within 30 days 7. Disputes (ADR + court)

Sex.eu -A has registered “sex” as a trademark -B registered “sex.eu” as a trademark -.eu Sunrise => sex.eu DNS assigned to first applicant with prior right (A) -B starts ADR, Court of 1 st instance, Court of Appeal, … -Finally sex.eu = live on 5 december 2011 Lensworld.eu -2 preliminary questions to ECoJ: -1. TM license = “full license” ? -2. eligibility criteria? Link to judgement of Court of Justice of the European Union: =0&doclang=EN&mode=lst&dir=&occ=first&part=1&cid= Disputes (recent)

“The Registry is not the police or the judge of the Internet” ! 1.Phishing (evolution) 2.Cyber/Domain squatting (TM) 3.Typosquatting ( 4.URL spoofing (pretending to be the bank EURid requires a court order for taking down a domain name. Taking down DN = taking down all , FTP and website content! 8. Abuses

- New gTLD: how many applications will be granted? Impact on other TLDs? - Generation F (facebook) – reason for DN? - IPv6 issues (security?) 9. (near) future

DANKE SCHÖN ! Go check if your DN is still available at !!! 10. Q & A