Assignment 2 Observations Mausam © Mausam

The SAT Encoding Induced Subgraph Isomorphism Variables NP complete problem Applications: similarities between chemical compounds; protein-interaction networks, social networks, circuit design.. Variables X(i,j) denotes that ith node (in smaller graph) mapped to jth node (in larger graph) Self edge: If node i has a self-edge and node j doesn’t remove X(i,j) Self-edge: If node j has a self-edge and node i doesn’t © Mausam

The SAT encoding Overall – O(nm) vars, O(n2m2) clauses Each node maps to exactly one other node X(i,1)  X(i,2)  X(i,3)…  X(i,n) Pairs of  X(i,1)   X(i,2);  X(i,1)   X(i,3) … Each node in larger graph maps to at most one node Pairs of X(1,j)X(2,j); X(1,j)X(3,j); … Disallowed pairs of mappings If edge(i1,i2) and no edge(j1,j2): X(i1,j1)X(i2,j2); If no edge(i1,i2) and edge(j1,j2): X(i1,j1)X(i2,j2); If edge(i1,i2) and edge(j2,j1): X(i1,j1)X(i2,j2); Overall – O(nm) vars, O(n2m2) clauses © Mausam

Fun optimizations Degree trick: Can B ever map to P/S/R? Yes. A mapping is: M(A) = S, M(B) = Q, M(C) = R The edges from P to other nodes don‘t matter since no node in G got mapped to P. Degree trick: Can B ever map to P/S/R? No: Indegree of B is greater than indegree of P/S/R Remove X(B,P), X(B,S), X(B,R) Common neighbor constraint: Can A-U and C-T? They both don’t have an edge They both have outdegrees 1 No: because AC have common neighbor 1; UT 0 X(A,U)X(C,T) … A C P R T B Q © Mausam

Observations People solved ~100+80 node problems… For an NP hard problem that’s not too bad, is it? Paresh’s observations adding redundant clauses helps miniSAT for tough problems. © Mausam

Best Competitors Kim Wallmark Alan Ludwig Haroon Barri © Mausam

Assignment 3 Discussion Mausam © Mausam

BlackJack: State Space MinSum: the minimum sum of the player's hand so far. NumAces: the number of Aces in the player's hand so far. dMinSum: the minimum sum of the dealer's hand so far. dNumAces: the number of Aces in the dealer's hand so far. isTwoCards: a Boolean that represents that the player's hand has just two cards so far. isBlackJack: a Boolean that represents that the player got a BlackJack. pair: has value between 0 and 10. Zero indicates that the player doesn't have a pair. Any other value i indicates that the player has two cards of value i. turn: a Boolean to indicate whether it is player's turn or dealer's. © Mausam

BlackJack: Action Space Stand: Turn = 0 Hit: get a new card with prob… update minSum, numAces, isTwoCard, pair Double: get a new card, update minSum, numAces, etc.; Turn = 1. Allowed when isTwoCard = 1 Default: run default dealer policy. Allowed with turn = 1 Split: tricky! Allowed with pair > 0; isTwoCard = 1 © Mausam

Equations © Mausam

BlackJack Split (say only three cards) Q((c,c), SPLIT) 2p1p1V(c,1) p1p2V(c,1) + p1p2V(c,2) p1p3V(c,1) + p1p3V(c,3) p2p1V(c,1) + p2p1V(c,2) 2p2p2V(c,2) p2p3V(c,3) + p2p3V(c,3) 2p3p3V(c,3) (c,c) [(c,1) & (c,1)] p1p1 [(c,1) & (c,2)] p1p2 [(c,1) & (c,3)] p1p3 [(c,2) & (c,1)] p2p1 [(c,2) & (c,2)] p2p2 [(c,2) & (c,3)] p2p3 [(c,3) & (c,1)] p3p1 [(c,3) & (c,2)] p3p2 [(c,3) & (c,3)] p3p3 2p1(p1+p2+p3) = 2p1 © Mausam

Equations © Mausam

Value of Terminal States If isTwoCards = 1, minSum=11, numAces = 1 Return 1.5 If minSum>21 Return -1 If minSum < 21 and dMinSum > 21 Return 1 … © Mausam

Can you solve it with Expectimax? No Because there is possibility of infinite loop Values are well-formed Loop of size n becomes less probable as n increases (see beginning example from lecture on MDPs) EXCEPTION: Q(1010, split) for p> 0.5 Solution: use Value Iteration/Policy Iteration © Mausam

Optimizations Dealer’s policy is fixed. So, run the Markov chain ahead of time to generate a table Pr(dealer gets 17|first card=c) Pr(dealer gets 18|first card=c) Pr(dealer gets 19|first card=c) Pr(dealer gets 20|first card=c) Pr(dealer gets 21|first card=c) Pr(dealer busts|first card=c) Remove dMinSum, dNumAces, turn. Add dFirstCard Remove Default action Change the equations for double/stand based on computed probabilities © Mausam

Comments numAces – not required. Convert to hasAce Only first ace is relevant. After that each ace = 1 Handle infinite splits by allowing say, 10 splits Should work fine in practice Modification: have the bet amount in state space Needn’t multiply by 2 in equations for doubling Need to use this info when computing terminal rewards © Mausam

Difference in solutions? In real BJ: Dealer and player BJ is a push In our BJ: player wins ??? In real BJ: there is a 4/6/8 card deck In our BJ: infinite cards You can easily modify code to handle 1st case 2nd case: Monte carlo sampling! © Mausam

Should you play our BlackJack? Expected reward before game starts SUM[Pr(game)*expected reward of the game] Deal three cards… and use V(s) to compute exp reward My expected reward: $0.058 Yes! We should play the game © Mausam

Discussion Mausam © Mausam

Followup Courses 546 Machine Learning/Data Mining 515 Probabilistic Graphical Models 517 Natural Language Processing ??? AI/Statistics for Big Data 571 Robotics 579 Intelligent control 574 Special Topics in AI 528 Computational Neuroscience 510 Human computer Interaction © Mausam

Final Exam 50% objective 25% short answer questions True/false Multiple choice Fill in the blanks Match the following… 25% short answer questions 1 word – 5 line responses… opinions/strengths/weaknesses/etc… 25% Problem solving Problem modeling; short calculations… © Mausam

Why do an exam? Goal: revise and analyze the whole course Expected preparation time ~1 day Go over lecture slides Read parts of the notes that are unclear… © Mausam

What worked Programming Assignments Written Assignments(?) Classes You hated them You loved them You learned through them Written Assignments(?) Forced us to be regular Classes I absolutely enjoyed the interaction! Emails/bulletin boards Videos(?) © Mausam

What didn’t work Programming environment Packed Workload People didn’t know unix People didn’t know Java! Packed Once someone got behind, it got tough to recover Workload © Mausam

Thanks To all of you who contributed to helping each other through newsgroup and other questions who asked terrific questions in class who gave regular feedback on class, assignments, grading, organization © Mausam