Chapter 4 Distributed Bellman-Ford Routing Professor Rick Han University of Colorado at Boulder rhan@cs.colorado.edu

Prof. Rick Han, University of Colorado at Boulder Announcements Reminder: Programming assignment #1 is due Feb. 19 Homework #2 available on Web site, due Feb. 26 Hand back HW #1 next week OH cancelled yesterday, send me email to meet Next, more on IP routing, … Prof. Rick Han, University of Colorado at Boulder

Recap of Previous Lecture ARP IP Forwarding Tables Destination and Output Port IP Routing Distributed algorithm to create Forwarding Tables Calculate shortest path to each node Distance Vector (RIP) Presentation should have been better by me, textbook, etc. Prof. Rick Han, University of Colorado at Boulder

Bellman-Ford Equation Distance vector & RIP based on distributed implementation of Bellman-Ford algorithm Bellman-Ford equation: Label routers i=A, B, C, … Let D(i,j) = distance for best route from i to remote j Let d(i,j) = distance from router i to neighbor j Set to infinity if i=j or i and j not immediate neighbors Prof. Rick Han, University of Colorado at Boulder

Bellman-Ford Equation (2) D(i,j) = min {d(i,k) + D(k,j)} for all i<>j k neighbors Ex. D(B,F) = min {d(B,k) + D(k,F)} k=A,C,E Prof. Rick Han, University of Colorado at Boulder

Bellman-Ford Algorithm Bellman-Ford equation: D(i,j) = min {d(i,k) + D(k,j)} for all i<>j k neighbors Bellman-Ford Algorithm solves B-F Equation: To calculate D(i,j), node i only needs d(i,k)’s and D(k,j)’s from neighbors Problem: don’t know D(k,j)’s Solution: For each node i, first find shortest distance path from i to j using one link, D(i,j)[1] Shortest distance path using two or fewer links, D(i,j)[2], must depend on the shortest distance path using one link, namely D(i,j)[2] = min {d(i,j) + D(i,j)[1]} Prof. Rick Han, University of Colorado at Boulder

Bellman-Ford Algorithm (2) Key observation: By induction, the best (h+1 or fewer)-hop path between nodes i and j must be arise from an i-to-neighbor link connected with a (h or fewer)-hop path from neighbor to j : D(i,j)[h+1] = min {d(i,k) + D(k,j)[h]} Bellman-Ford Algorithm: D(i,j)[h+1] = min {d(i,k) + D(k,j)[h]} for all i<>j, h=0,1, … k neighbors Iterate h=0,1,2, … until reach diameter DM of graph D(i,j)[DM] is the originally desired B-F solution D(i,j) ! At each h, calculate D(i,j)[h+1] for all i<>j At h=0, D(i,j)[0] = {0 for i=j, infinity otherwise} D(i,i)[h] = link cost on which dist. vector is sent - 1 Prof. Rick Han, University of Colorado at Boulder

Bellman-Ford Algorithm Example Suppose C wants to find shortest path to each destination First, calculate shortest one-link paths from each node: easy, D(i,j)[1]=d(i,j) D(C,B)[1], D(C,D)[1], and D(B,A)[1], D(B,E)[1], D(B,C)[1], and D(D,E)[1], D(D,C)[1], and D(A,B)[1], D(A,E)[1], D(A,F)[1], and D(E,A)[1], D(E,B)[1], D(E,D)[1], D(E,F)[1], and D(F,A)[1], D(F,E)[1] Prof. Rick Han, University of Colorado at Boulder

Bellman-Ford Algorithm Example (2) Second, calculate shortest 2-or-fewer hop paths from each node: Example: for node C to F D(C,F)[2] = min (d(C,k) + D(k,F)[1]) for all j k neighbors = min {d(C,B) + D(B,F)[1], d(C,D) + D(D,F)[1]} No one-link path from B to F, so D(B,F)[1] is infinity, same for D(D,F)[1] Calculate D(i,j)[2] for all other combinations of i<>j Prof. Rick Han, University of Colorado at Boulder

Bellman-Ford Algorithm Example (3) Third, calculate shortest 3-or-fewer hop paths from each node: Example: for node C to F D(C,F)[3] = min {d(C,B) + D(B,F)[2], d(C,D) + D(D,F)[2]} No more unknowns: D(B,F)[2] is known by now and was calculated in the last iteration, = min{d(B,k) + D(k,F)[1]} D(D,F)[2] is also known Since diameter = 3, we’re done and have found all shortest distance paths D(i,j) Prof. Rick Han, University of Colorado at Boulder

Distributed Bellman-Ford Algorithm D(i,j)[h+1] = min {d(i,k) + D(k,j)[h]} for all i<>j, h=0,1, … k neighbors One way to implement in a real network: Flood d(i,j) first to every router in the network Calculate B-F Algorithm in each router Drawbacks: Generates lots of overhead Requires much computation on each router Duplication of many of calculations on each router Consider an alternative to distribute calculations Prof. Rick Han, University of Colorado at Boulder

Distributed Bellman-Ford Algorithm (2) D(i,j)[h+1] = min {d(i,k) + D(k,j)[h]} for all i<>j, h=0,1, … k neighbors Key observations: We had to calculate D(i,j)[h] for each node i in the graph, at each step h in the iteration At every iteration h, we only needed information about the h-1 or fewer hop paths to calculate D(i,j)[h] Prof. Rick Han, University of Colorado at Boulder

Distributed Bellman-Ford Algorithm (3) Therefore, in a real network, Physically distribute the calculation of D(i,j)[h] to router i only, and No duplication Less calculation Exchange the results of your D(i,j)[h] with neighboring routers at each iteration h Less overhead Satisfies condition that D(i,j)[h] only needs info on h-1 or less hop paths. At iteration h, d(i,j) within radius h-1 will be propagated to all routers within radius h-1 Prof. Rick Han, University of Colorado at Boulder

Distributed Bellman-Ford Algorithm (4) In practice, convergence will eventually occur even if different routers are slow to propagate or calculate their D(i,j)[h] and/or d(i,j) Bertsekas and Gallagher proved this, in the absence of topology changes Distributed routing algorithm where each router only performs a small but sufficient part of the overall B-F algorithm Node i calculates and sends D(i,j)[h] to its neighbors – this is a distance vector Distributed Bellman-Ford Algorithm = Distance Vector Algorithm Prof. Rick Han, University of Colorado at Boulder

Prof. Rick Han, University of Colorado at Boulder Distance Table Bellman-Ford Algorithm: D(i,j)[h+1] = min {d(i,k) + D(k,j)[h]} for all i<>j, h=0,1, … k neighbors Each router i must maintain a “distance table”: Must store d(i,k), D(k,j)[h] for each neighbor k and destination j Costs D(k,j)[h] Neighbors k Destinations j k1 k2 k3 j1 D(k1,j1)[h] … j2 Prof. Rick Han, University of Colorado at Boulder

Prof. Rick Han, University of Colorado at Boulder Distance Table (2) In reality, each cell in distance table stores d(i,k) + D(k,j)[h], not just D(k,j)[h] Must store d(i,k) or receive it within a neighbor’s distance vector advertisement If d(i,k) is a hop, then d(i,j)=1 always, so no need to store Costs D(k,j)[h] Neighbors k Destinations j k1 k2 k3 j1 d(i,k1) + D(k1,j1)[h] … j2 Prof. Rick Han, University of Colorado at Boulder

Prof. Rick Han, University of Colorado at Boulder Routing Table Easy to derive a Routing Table from a distance table: choose the minimum distance in the row Costs D(k,j)[h] Neighbors k Destinations j k1 k2 k3 j1 d(i,k1) + D(k1,j1)[h] … j2 Routing Table At Router i Destinations j Outgoing link/port Cost j1 k2 j2 k3 Prof. Rick Han, University of Colorado at Boulder

Routing Information Protocol (RIP) RIP is a specific realization of the distance vector or distributed Bellman-Ford routing algorithm Distance vectors are carried over UDP over IP RIP uses hop count as its shortest path metric, so d(i,j)=1 Distance vectors are sent every 30 seconds When a routing table changes, a router can send triggered updates to neighbors before 30 sec Can lead to network storms, so limit rate: wait 5 seconds between sending new routing update and the update that caused routing table to change Prof. Rick Han, University of Colorado at Boulder

Alternative Shortest Path Calc. Compute a shortest path tree Observation: shortest path to nodes further from the root must go through a branch of the shortest path tree closer to the root Strategy: expand outwards, calculating the shortest path tree from the root Prof. Rick Han, University of Colorado at Boulder