WATER SUPPLY PROTECTION LARGE SCALE TESTING TO PROTECT SAN FRANSCISO WATER SUPPLY Tom O’Rourke Thomas R. Briggs Professor of Engineering Cornell University

WATER SUPPLY PROTECTION SAN FRANCISO PUBLIC UTILITIES COMMISSION WATER SYSTEM IMPROVEMENT PLAN 86 Projects86 Projects $4.6 Billion$4.6 Billion New Calaveras DamNew Calaveras Dam Retrofit 2 Water Treatment PlantsRetrofit 2 Water Treatment Plants 450 km Pipelines450 km Pipelines 3 Tunnels3 Tunnels

WATER SUPPLY PROTECTION BDPLs 3 & 4 at Hayward Fault Owner/Operator: San Francisco Public Utilities Commission (SFPUC)Owner/Operator: San Francisco Public Utilities Commission (SFPUC) Designer: URS, Inc.Designer: URS, Inc. Test Facility: Cornell Large-Scale Lifelines Testing Facility, George E. Brown Jr. Network for Earthquake Engineering SimulationTest Facility: Cornell Large-Scale Lifelines Testing Facility, George E. Brown Jr. Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation

WATER SUPPLY PROTECTION BAY DIVISION PIPELINES BDPLs 3 & 4 70% Bay Area Water San Francisco Public Utilities Commission BDPLs 1 & 2 BDPLs 3 & 4

WATER SUPPLY PROTECTION BDPLs 3 & 4 at Hayward Fault 2-m-diameter Pipeline Crossing Hayward Fault at ~47 Degrees2-m-diameter Pipeline Crossing Hayward Fault at ~47 Degrees 2 m Lateral Fault Offset2 m Lateral Fault Offset Compressive Deformation and Lateral Offset of Pipeline from Fault MovementCompressive Deformation and Lateral Offset of Pipeline from Fault Movement 24-m-wide Right-of-way with Other Pipelines24-m-wide Right-of-way with Other Pipelines

WATER SUPPLY PROTECTION Protective Vault 91.5 m long Protective Vault 91.5 m long Segments: 6.1 x 6.1 x 6.1 m Joints: 45 degrees

WATER SUPPLY PROTECTION Before Fault Movement After Fault Movement Segments: 6.1m x 6.1m x 6.1 m x 6.1 m Joints: 150 & & 300mm

WATER SUPPLY PROTECTION CONSTRUCTION OF VAULT Secant Walls for Cut-and Cover SupportSecant Walls for Cut-and Cover Support Lower Strength Secondary Wall ElementsLower Strength Secondary Wall Elements Secant WallsVault with Pipeline Backfill

WATER SUPPLY PROTECTION PURPOSE OF TESTS Validate Design ApproachValidate Design Approach Assess Relative Movement of SegmentsAssess Relative Movement of Segments Understand Interaction Between Vault & Secant Pile WallsUnderstand Interaction Between Vault & Secant Pile Walls Evaluate Joint Effects on Vault PerformanceEvaluate Joint Effects on Vault Performance Assess Effects of EPS Fill Between Secant Wall and VaultAssess Effects of EPS Fill Between Secant Wall and Vault

WATER SUPPLY PROTECTION 3-D VIEW OF TEST SET UP

WATER SUPPLY PROTECTION CORNELL TESTS 1/10 th Scale1/10 th Scale Test Basin:Test Basin: –13 m Long –3.2 m Wide –2.1 m Deep

WATER SUPPLY PROTECTION CONCRETE TEST SEGMENTS 1 m = 3.28 ft mm = 1 in.

WATER SUPPLY PROTECTION

SCALING RELATIONSHIPS Joint Rotation Joint Stiffness

WATER SUPPLY PROTECTION INSTRUMENTATION 6 Degrees of Freedom at Each Segment6 Degrees of Freedom at Each Segment Accurate to 0.25 mmAccurate to 0.25 mm LVDT/DCDT, Temposonic Sensors, LasersLVDT/DCDT, Temposonic Sensors, Lasers ~ 120 Measurements per Displacement Episode~ 120 Measurements per Displacement Episode Tactile Force SensorsTactile Force Sensors High Resolution Video CamerasHigh Resolution Video Cameras

WATER SUPPLY PROTECTION Tactile Force Pressure Sensors 50 X 40 cm plan dimensions

WATER SUPPLY PROTECTION Test No. Test Date Fault Location Number of Segments Cover Plate Configuration Segment Gap Prototype Scale Fill between Secant Wall and Segments 1A Feb. 12, 2009 Centered on Segment 13 Cover plates at base and two sides of each joint 150 mmSoil 1B Mar. 31, 2009 Centered on Joint12 Cover plates at two sides of each joint. 150 mmSoil 1C Apr. 23, 2009 Centered on Segment 13 Cover plates at two sides of each joint 150 mmEPS 1D May 13, 2009 Centered on Joint12 Cover plates at two sides of each joint. 150 mmEPS 1E May 28, ft North of Center Segment 13 No cover plates 300 mmEPS

WATER SUPPLY PROTECTION FACTORS AFFECTING VAULT DEFORMATION Location of Vault Joint Relative to FaultLocation of Vault Joint Relative to Fault Joint Rotational StiffnessJoint Rotational Stiffness Nature of Backfill Between Vault and Secant Pile WallNature of Backfill Between Vault and Secant Pile Wall

WATER SUPPLY PROTECTION FAULT LOCATION VS VAULT JOINT Fault Centered on JointFault Centered on Joint – Vault Deformation Closest to Fault – Greatest Joint Rotation Fault Centered on VaultFault Centered on Vault – Vault Deformation Farthest from Fault – Smallest Joint Rotation

WATER SUPPLY PROTECTION

Pretest Block Layout South   North N4 N3N2N1S1 S2 S3 S4 50 deg EPS particles with soil cover C

WATER SUPPLY PROTECTION 1 m offset South   North 50 deg

WATER SUPPLY PROTECTION 2 m offset South   North 50 deg

WATER SUPPLY PROTECTION 3 m offset South   North 50 deg

WATER SUPPLY PROTECTION 5 m offset South   North 50 deg

WATER SUPPLY PROTECTION Pretest Block Layout South   North N4 N3N2N1S1 S2 S3 S4 50 deg EPS particles with soil cover C

WATER SUPPLY PROTECTION 1 m offset South   North 50 deg

WATER SUPPLY PROTECTION 2 m offset South   North 50 deg

WATER SUPPLY PROTECTION

LATERAL PRESSURES With Soil BackfillWith Soil Backfill – 10-15% Max Passive Pressure at 2m of prototype fault offset

WATER SUPPLY PROTECTION LATERAL PRESSURES With EPSWith EPS – < 1% Max Passive Pressure at 2m of prototype fault offset

WATER SUPPLY PROTECTION HEAVE AT FAULT Small to Moderate Heave Affected by Joint StiffnessSmall to Moderate Heave Affected by Joint Stiffness Flexible Joint Stiff Joint

WATER SUPPLY PROTECTION ROTATION OF JOINT AT FAULT Flexible Joint Stiff Joint

WATER SUPPLY PROTECTION VAULT COMPRESSION Compressive Shortening 4-5 Segments from FaultCompressive Shortening 4-5 Segments from Fault Joint Closure Contact 3-4 Segments from FaultJoint Closure Contact 3-4 Segments from Fault Joint Contact Never Observed at Ends of VaultJoint Contact Never Observed at Ends of Vault

WATER SUPPLY PROTECTION NEES TESTING FOR SFPUC Continuous Design, Fabrication, and Testing over 9 Months to Support ActualContinuous Design, Fabrication, and Testing over 9 Months to Support Actual Successful Confirmation of Design ConceptSuccessful Confirmation of Design Concept Important Insights Regarding BehaviorImportant Insights Regarding Behavior

WATER SUPPLY PROTECTION EARTHQUAKE RESPONSE AND REHABILITATION OF CRITICAL LIFELINES Substantial Industry InvolvementSubstantial Industry Involvement Insituform Technologies, Inc.Insituform Technologies, Inc. LADWP, SFPUC, EBMUDLADWP, SFPUC, EBMUD Center for Advanced Microelectronics Mnfg.Center for Advanced Microelectronics Mnfg. Dual Shake Tables Flexible Electronics Split Box

WATER SUPPLY PROTECTION COLLABORATION WITH INDUSTRY Chevron PhillipsChevron Phillips Consolidated EdisonConsolidated Edison Corning, Inc.Corning, Inc. Exxon MobilExxon Mobil Insituform TechnologiesInsituform Technologies Gas Technology InstituteGas Technology Institute Los Angeles Department of Water and PowerLos Angeles Department of Water and Power Northeast Gas Assoc.Northeast Gas Assoc. San Francisco Public UtilitySan Francisco Public Utility TekscanTekscan Tokyo Gas, LtdTokyo Gas, Ltd ULC RoboticsULC Robotics