20 Sheets 20 Questions 20 Answers You have 5 minutes to learn them all

P1: The Earth and the Universe: Revision How much can you recall from your first GCSE module? Anything about dinosaurs?

P1: The Earth and the Universe: Revision What is the furthest distance humans have travelled into space?

P1: The Earth and the Universe: Revision What geological features does this model show?

P1: The Earth and the Universe: Revision Is this star birth or star death?

Oceanic Crust Mantle Magma Earthquakes and volcanic eruptions can be common here Igneous Rock Convection Currents P1: The Earth and the Universe: Revision What is this process called?

P1: The Earth and the Universe: Revision Different craters: On the moon? Barringer? Chicxulub?

P1: The Earth and the Universe: Revision Two theories for: ‘What killed the dinosaurs?

P1: The Earth and the Universe: Revision Aims: Recall the range of content in P1 Begin revising P1 Answer 20 questions Identify weakest areas Plan revision (beginning with weakest areas)

Twenty Questions Short or one word answers on paper. 30 seconds for short answers / 60 seconds for longer ones. How will you score? 20 / 20 = A* 17/20 = A 14/20 = B 10/20 = C 7/ 20 = D Test advice: If in doubt… GUESS!!!

Predict Your Score Now! 20 / 20 = A* 17/20 = A 14/20 = B 10/20 = C 7/ 20 = D What mark & grade do you think you will get?

1. Who first suggested the earth was a lot older just by looking at rocks? 2. Who proposed the theory of Continental Drift? 3. Missing word in this sequence? Core ___________ Crust 4. What’s the difference between an observation and an explanation? 5. What’s a subduction zone?

6. Where do you find a tectonic plate? 7. How did Barringer know an asteroid created his crater? 8. What is light pollution? 9. What process releases energy from the Sun? 10. Name two different theories which explain why dinosaurs became extinct.

11. Name an area that could be called a constructive margin. 12. What was James Hutton’s theory called? 13. What two words describe the checking of scientific documents by other scientists before publication? 14. Name two methods for measuring the distances to stars and galaxies. 15. Astronomers observe light from dying stars which shows they contain all 92 elements. True or false?

16. We know what distant stars and galaxies are made from because manned space flights collect samples which are then returned to earth for testing. (True or False?) 17. Place these in order from smallest to largest: Universe solar system planet galaxy 18. What is the sun made from? 19. Describe one way that rocks provide evidence of changes in the Earth. 20. Bullet-point the stages of seafloor spreading.

1. Who first suggested the earth was a lot older just by looking at rocks? 2. Who proposed the theory of Continental Drift? 3. Missing word in this sequence? core ___________ crust 4. What’s the difference between an observation and an explanation? 5. What’s a subduction zone? James Hutton Alfred Wegener mantle observation – something seen and measurable; explanation – to make something clear or easy to understand by describing or giving information about it ocean floor is destroyed at the edge where the oceanic plate slips beneath the continental one

Whizz thru Quiz Answers (1 to 5) Let’s look through some answers in more detail. Note down stuff you’re clueless about. When you start revising – start with those first. In the examination – if you’re still clueless…. GUESS!! One lucky mark could make a difference

Look at the coastlines of South America and Africa. I wonder of they used to fit together… Alfred Wegener I’m going to call this my Theory of Continental Drift 2. Who proposed the theory of Continental Drift?

Continental drift What’s my evidence for this? Three things: 1)The “jigsaw fit” 2)Each continent has similar rocks and fossils 3)Each continent has similar animal species

The formation of mountain ranges can be explained by tectonic theory. Consider the Himalayas at the top of India: This is where India is now This is where India was millions of years ago Further evidence of tectonic plate movement

A thin crust km thick and not very dense A mantle – extends almost halfway to the centre, hot and dense A core – made of molten nickel and iron. Outer part is liquid and inner part is solid. Gets hot due to radioactive decay. The Earth is believed to be 4500 million years old 3. Missing word in this sequence? core mantle crust

A subduction zone – is a destructive margin Convection Currents Thin, dense oceanic plate Thick, less dense continental plate Subduction 5. What’s a subduction zone?

6. What is tectonic plate and where do you find one (of 12)? 7. How did Barringer know an asteroid created his crater? 8. What is light pollution? 9. What process releases energy from the Sun? 10. Name two different theories which explain why dinosaurs became extinct, why there was a mass extinction. a giant slab of rock comprising of crust and upper mantle which makes up the Earth’s outer layer Think streetlights: light that goes up and destroys a clear view of the night sky (where are telescopes?) Evidence: many fragments of iron / quartz dust particles / layers of rock in reverse order nuclear fusion; the Sun fuses hydrogen to make helium 1.Impact / collision theory 2.Flood basalt event / Super Volcano

7. How did Barringer know an asteroid created his crater? The Earth has craters such as Barringer Crater. It also has ……………………. A hundred years ago, scientists argued about what made the crater. Bits of rock around the crater had a lot of …………… in them. Meteorites have a lot of iron in them. A volcano can’t produce as much pressure as an impact. Some rock of the crater has been changed by very high ……………………. This provides …………………… that supports the impact explanation of craters. volcanoes iron cheese Venus evidence pressure volcanoes iron pressure evidence

In a star the forces of gravitational attraction pulling the particles inwards are _________ by forces acting outwards due to the huge __________ inside the star. Stars are basically ________ reactors that use _______ as a fuel. During its main sequence a star will release energy by combining hydrogen and helium nuclei (light elements) into _________ elements. Words – heavier, balanced, hydrogen, nuclear, temperatures 9. What process releases energy from the Sun? balanced temperatures nuclearhydrogen heavier Our sun: an example of a main sequence star midway through a 10 billion year life span. It will die eventually!

10. Name two different theories which explain why dinosaurs became extinct.

Asteroid collision

Aka Impact THEORY

Asteroid collision good geophysical evidence for occurrence of an asteroid impact at the end of the Cretaceous period. ( Data ) A band of clay rich in the mineral iridium was deposited at the end of the Cretaceous and has been found at many places in the world. This mineral is rare on Earth but more common in meteorites. An impact would have triggered a nuclear winter scenario causing the death of the dinosaurs as well as the pterosaurs, several families of birds and mammals and also marine animals such as the plesiosaurs and ammonites. ( Explanation )

Flood Basalt Events

A.k.a Super-Volcanoes

Flood basalt events At the end of the Cretaceous there were lots of volcanic eruptions in some parts of the world. ( Evidence ) Volcanic eruptions release poisonous gases. Could explain why extinctions began earlier than 65 million years ago. The Deccan Traps, huge flood basalts, were deposited at this time, (Data) and the dust and gases which erupted at the same time would probably have caused environmental changes over a wide area. (Explanation)

IS THE TRUTH OUT THERE ? Both impact theory and super-volcanoes are plausible and can explain animal extinction, neither explains why some animals died whilst others survived. Why did the dinosaurs, which were so successful, die out, while other animals such as frogs, which we know are environmentally sensitive, survive? Although it is usually assumed that the dinosaurs all went extinct all at the same time all over the world, the truth of the matter is that we only have good evidence from North America. In other parts of the world there are either no records or exact dates are unclear. As China and other countries outside of Europe and the US are studied more intensively we will be able to gather more data to build up a clearer picture of what was going on in the world at the end of the Cretaceous period.

How are you doing so far? Anyone got 10 out of 10 ? Keep noting down the bits you really don’t know.. Exam Advice DRINK WATER (A hydrated brain improves your ability to guess).

11. Name an area that could be called a constructive margin. 12. What was James Hutton’s theory called? 13. What two words describe the checking of scientific documents by other scientists before publication? 14. Name two methods for measuring the distances to stars and galaxies. 15. Astronomers observe light from dying stars which shows they contain all 92 elements. True or false? Where the ocean floor grows larger at an oceanic ridge by seafloor spreading Deep Time Peer Review New scientific data / explanations are critically reviewed and evaluated by other scientists. Scientists communicate by publishing Parallax and Brightness True. Each element produces a unique patterned spectra

Distant stars Nearby star 1) Relative Brightness The further away a star is the dimmer it is. Simple. 2) The Parallax 14. Name two methods for measuring the distances to stars.

Source of light “Spectra” 15. Astronomers observe light from dying stars which shows they contain all 92 elements. (This is true)

If you pass the light through a gas something different is seen… helium Some wavelengths of light are absorbed by the gas – an “absorption spectrum”.

After helium If the light source is moving away the absorption spectra look a little different… helium Before

The absorption lines have all been “shifted” towards the longer wavelength end (red end)… After Before Higher students: You don’t need to learn Red Shift, but you must learn Hubble’s Law relating the distance of galaxies and the speed they are moving away!!! This is called red shift. The faster the light source moves the further its light will be “shifted”

A True & Very Sad Story Final results will say how many marks you got. Last year a student got 41 out of 50. (B grade). Great! … but sadly for him.....his best mate got 42 out of 50…...which was an A grade. If in doubt: GUESS!!

16. We know what distant stars and galaxies are made from because manned space flights collect samples which are then returned to earth for testing. (True or False?) 17. Place these in order from smallest to largest: Universe solar system planet galaxy 18. What is the sun made from? 19. Describe one way that rocks provide evidence of changes in the Earth. 20. Bullet-point the stages of seafloor spreading. False. The only manned flights have been to the moon planet solar system galaxy Universe hydrogen and helium 1. Layering. 2. Fossils. 3. Erosion 4. Craters. 5. Folding 1.Material from Earths mantle rises 2 Some melts to form magma 3 Magma erupts 4. Convection currents in mantle move like conveyor belts.

19. Describe the ways that rocks provide evidence for the age of the Earth Scientists once thought that the Earth was only 6000 years old. Rocks have provided lots of evidence for the world being older. 1) Erosion 2) Craters 3) Mountains 4) Fossils 5) Folding 6) Radioactive dating

Sea Floor Spreading – A constructive margin Oceanic Crust Mantle Magma Earthquakes and volcanic eruptions can be common here Igneous Rock Convection Currents 20. Bullet-point the stages of seafloor spreading.

What did you score? 20 / 20 = A* 17/20 = A 14/20 = B 10/20 = C 7/ 20 = D Task: You have 2 minutes to identify and list your 3 weakest areas from the next page in your planner.

Time and Space Deep Time Continental Drift Seafloor Spreading Plate Tectonics Earthquakes Volcanoes / Geohazards Craters What killed the dinosaurs? Nuclear fusion Star birth / star death Measuring stars Telescopes / Hubble The age of the Universe Peer Review Observation / explanation timeline of the Earth & Universe James Hutton / rock cycle (H) & dating Alfred Wegener/ evidence for & against oceanic ridge/ magnetism /convection margins / subduction / mountains faults / sequence / prediction disasters & damage limitation asteroid impacts / Barringer etc. impact theory / super-volcanoes fusion of nuclei (H) / space elements sequences of both Parallax & brightness / light pollution Shapley v Curtis (H) / Edwin Hubble Big Bang / Universe models communication / publication obs.> imagination > exp.> evidence

Lesson: Your P1 Revision: 3 Choices Pair up with another student. Work as a team. Support each other. Help each other out. Choice 1: Make up 5 questions (with answers) for each weak area. 15 questions in all. Test each other. Choice 2: Draw a memory diagram of your weakest area. (I’ll show you an example of how to do this). Choice 3: Plan a P1 revision lesson to teach your partner (and yourself) about one of your weak areas. It must include an introduction, some annotated diagrams and some questions to ask the ‘class.’

Higher Students – Your A* awaits… Mountain building in relation to the rock cycle Tectonic plates in relation to earthquakes / volcanoes Fusion of hydrogen nuclei providing the Sun’s energy Light travels at a high but infinite speed of km/s Seafloor spreading – about 10cm per year Seafloor spreading relating to magnetic reversals in solid magma Distance of galaxies / speed they are moving away (Hubble’s Law) Why motions of galaxies mean Space itself is expanding How Solar System was formed about five thousand million years ago The Earth’s rocks are four thousand million years old Write these down in your planner

Revision Homework Create a Powerpoint presentation on your weakest areas Use the 15 questions you worked out as your starting point. Explain ‘difficult’ science parts as simply as you can. Use relevant diagrams & photographs from the internet. Next week : ‘trade’ your Powerpoint with other students.

P1: Overview Data – Identify statements that are data / observation Imagination – How it leads to explanation (eg: Hutton, Wegener, Barringer, Hubble) Explanation – Statements that explain. Evidence – supports or disagrees with explanation. data / observation> imagination > explanation > evidence The Case Studies in P1 all follow this pattern. OCR wants to know you understand these fundamentals.

Remember P1 is only ONE part of your examination. C1 and B1 are equally full modules. This revision lesson did not cover everything! Star Birth and Death? Geohazards? Deep Time? Time and Space? Start revising NOW!!!