Personal, Individual, and Institutional Racism The Rite of Passage Course The Kwanzaa Gallery Instructor: Frank M. Johnson

Introduction The unconscious, taken for granted, assumed, rarely questioned, unexamined, unchallenged acceptance of the belief by anyone that……

Introduction  The world as it looks to the dominant culture is the only world  The way of dealing with the world which the dominant culture has created is the only way of dealing with it.  The values which the dominant culture has established are the only acceptable values  The way life looks to the dominant culture is the only way it can be viewed by anyone.  What the dominant culture thinks minorities are like is truth and the only acceptable way to the about minority people

Summary of Course  Students will be familiarized with the terms involved with personal, individual, and institutional racism.  Provided a perspective of racism and the effects it has had on individuals and the society in which we live.

Who is in Attendance?  Find out any relevant background and interest of the audience

Agenda Types of Racism Categories of Personal and Individual Racism Components of Personal and Institutional Racism Socialization and Racism Categories of Racist Actions Levels of Institutional Racism Characteristics of U.S. Institutions harboring Racism Examples of Institutional Practices Social and Human Costs of Institutional Racism Institutional Racism Checklist Reverse Discrimination Perceptions of Reverse Discrimination

RACISM Wanted - Dead Only No Image Available  PUBLIC ENEMY NO. 1  Alias: Personal and Institutional  Recent Crimes Ulcers Heart Attack High Blood Pressure Skin rashes Headaches Backaches Asthma

RACISM Wanted - Dead Only No Image Available  Past Crimes Civil Disorder Law Violations Civil Unrest Creating Enemies Alienating Parents Alienating Citizens  Robbing Talent & Potential  Loss Initiative  Debasing Human Beings  Disheartening Youth

RACISM Wanted - Dead Only No Image Available Causing lapse in motivation Infiltrating every known institution in society Spoiling every culture in society A spreading contamination with virus effect LAST SIGHTING: Ignorance Avenue Ethnocentrism City Between Bigotry and Discrimination County State of Prejudice

RACISM Wanted - Dead Only No Image Available ALL CITIZENS ARE ADVISED TO BE ON THE ALERT. RACISM IS ARMED AND DANGEROUS AND WILL DESTROY WITHOUT SUFFICIENT CAUSE PROTECT YOU HOMES AND FAMILIES UNTIL CAUGHT

Racism - What is It? The attitude, belief and associated feeling's) that white people are inherently superior to nonwhite and darker skinned people, or that darker skinned people are inherently inferior to white people

Vocabulary  Personal / Individual Racism  Institutional racism  Dominant Cultural Racism  Overt Racism  Covert Racism  Intentional Racism  Unintentional Racism

Vocabulary (cont’d)  Prejudice  Discrimination  Ethnocentrism  Stereotyping  Self-Fulfilling Prophecy  Moral Self-Interests  Material Self-Interests

Personal / Individual Racism  A belief or feeling of racial superiority with corresponding negative racial attitudes that may be expressed through the most subtle behavior to the violent acts  Any act, attitude, belief held by an individual (or subsequent action) which subordinates or subjugates a person or group of persons because of the skin color.

Personal / Individual Racism  The assumption that psycho-cultural traits and capabilities are determined by biological race, and that the races differ decisively, one from another, which is coupled with a belief in the inherent superiority of a particular race and/or its right to dominion over others.  Racism results from the transformation of race prejudice and/or ethnocentrism through the exercise of power against a racial group defined as inferior, by individuals and institutions, with intentional or unintentional support of the majority of the culture.

Connections  Explain how all the individual topics fit together

How The Self-Image Is Formed  Positive Words, Pictures and Feelingsor  Negative Words, Pictures and Feelings  Imagination X Vividness = Subconscious Reality

SELF-IMAGE CYCLE  SELF TALK BUILDS SELF IMAGE  SELF IMAGE CONTROLS REAL PERFORMANCE  REAL PERFORMANCE REINFORCES SELF TALK  AFFIRMATIONS & VISUALIZATIONS ENHANCES CYCLE SELF TALK SELF IMAGE REAL PERFORMANCE

The POWER Diamond  LAW  RESOURCES  POWER  CULTURE SYSTEMS LAW CULTURERESOURCES POWER

CYCLE OF RACISM  COMMUNICATIONS  SUPERIORITY / INFERIORITY  GEOGRAPHIC EXCLUSION  DISCRIMINATION  INEQUALITY  REINFORCED BELIEFS RACISM

COMMUNICATIONS  LANGUAGE BARRIER  MISUNDERSTANDING  MISCONCEPTIONS  IGNORANCE  HYPOCRISY  PREJUDICE  CULTURAL ARROGANCE  IDEOLOGICAL VALUES RACISM

RELATIONSHIPS UNDER RACISM  ASSUMED SUPERIORITY  ASSUMED INFERIORITY  SEGREGATION  POLARIZATION  SUBORDINATION  EXPLOITATION RACISM

Institutional Racism Policies, practices or functions that have been installed that protect and condone personal racism.

Dominant Cultural Racism  Those actions, activities and practices that are traditional, which have become a part of the social order which condone personal or institutional racism.  The sum total of all the varied beliefs, traditional, attitudes, values, needs, norms, standards which create, maintains and / or perpetuates the “racist” society.

Overt / Covert Racism  Those actions that are openly / publicly demonstrated and are easily identified  Those actions that are hidden, ranging from subliminal to subterfuge, hard to identify and destructive.

Intentional / Unintentional Racism  Those actions that are done deliberately and with purpose  Those actions that are done inadvertently or as a result of traditional thought or cultural training.

Prejudice A preconceived judgment or opinion, with faulty reasoning, may be explicitly implied or expressed vocally. Prejudice is an internal disposition about a person or group of person without bothering to verify the opinion or examine its merit.

Discrimination The external act's) of prejudice in words or action. The practice of differential and unequal treatment, usually by the dominant or majority group.

Ethnocentrism The belief that one’s own group, institution or culture is better and inherently superior to others. White ethnocentrism translated into an inhuman attitude and behavior that subordinates, subjugates or exploits people based on differences that are considered inferior, usually non-white in origin, and having the power to reward or punish in order to maintain that belief system.

Stereotyping Any activity by individuals, groups, institutions or cultures that treat other human beings unjustly because of color, then, rationalizes that treatment by attributing to those beings biological, social and cultural characteristics that are undesirable.

Self-fulfilling Prophecy A theory that we as individuals, if we are seen as an authority figure, has an extra- ordinary unknown influence on others which if translated into the power of expectation alone, by example, can influence the behavior of others to become what we expect or predict.

Moral / Material Self Interests  Surfaced through issues such as bussing, zoning, redlining etc., which harbors the concept “we don’t want to live near them, because we want to protect our children,” or “they’re dirty, nasty and smell bad.”  Action mode which harbors the ideology “What in it for me (or us.)”, “What will I lose…” or “..if I allow integration, my property value will decrease or crime will run rampant.”

Socialization and Racism  The process is an all encompassing education in which goals and roles are taught or acquired. Pressure is applied by rewarding, punishing, ignoring or other expectation that pushes a youth toward displaying “acceptable” behavior.  Webster: To fit or to train for a social environment  Racism is a learned attitude and developed behavior that is picked up through the home, church, school and other institutions which a child is involved in their growth years

Types of Racist Action Locution Bad mouthing. Public or Private. Subtle racism Avoidance Overt and identifiable action in social or public forum which harbors segregationist or separatist beliefs. Discrimination Open action which has exclusionary consequences against people of color Physical Attack Riot, Mob violence, Lynching Genocide Extermination

Institutions  An institution is a significant, and persistent element, in the life of a culture.  Centers on a fundamental need, activity or value  Institutional practice, relationship or organization  Occupies an enduring or cardinal position in a society  Maintained stable by social, federal, regulatory and economic agencies.

Institutional Racism  Involves have the power of an institution to carry out systemic discriminatory practices in any one or all institutional of a society.  The ability to utilize the institutions of a society to inequitably distribute the resources (or manage to the consistent disadvantage of people of color) the resources maintained by the organization for the society at large.

Levels of Institutional Racism  Discrimination  Forced Assimilation  Segregation  Slavery  Genocide

Discrimination  Exclusion from the institution on the basis of color or culture. Discriminatory practices may be unintentional with the end result creating an exclusionary barrier.

Forced Assimilation  Person or groups of people who are forced to lose (or forsake) their individual social or cultural identity (or heritage) in order to become partially accepted into the core institutional activities.

Segregation  Isolation, separation or blocking access to the resources of the institution, or from positions of affluence in the institution.

Slavery  To bring physically under the yoke of power held by an institution, or to bring into total servitude to representatives of the institution

Genocide  Extreme form of institutional racism which result in the elimination of those persons or groups who are different through utilization of the power of the institutions

EFFECTS AND AFFECTS UNDER RACISM  DISCRIMINATION  INEQUALITY  POVERTY  ADVERSE BELIEFS  ADVERSE VALUES  REINFORCE THE NEGATIVE

Institutional Character  Control of major activities by the majority culture  Power in the hands of a few  Dependent upon long established traditions  Committed to limited risk policies and procedures  Highly organized, departmentalized and stratified  Profit and/or mission oriented  Conservative ‘status quo’ philosophy  Efficient and impersonal  Resistant to change and innovation: permanence is normalcy and stability

Institutional Practices Harboring Racism  Education (IQ, SFP, Miseducation)  Legal System (Policing, Biases, Controls)  Employment Agencies (Qualifications)  Labor Unions) (Seniority Systems)  Business (Restrictions Free Enterprise/Competition)  Industries (Limited Risk Policies/Glass Ceiling)  Civic Organizations (Lack of Business Control)  Government (Voting Rights. Power Use, Crises)  The Military (Racial Conflicts)

Social and Costs of Institutional Racism  Loss of Human Resource Potential  Distortion of Values to Justify Action  Loss of Personal Self-respect  Narrows Viewpoints, defensiveness, hostile attitudes  Economic strain on victims and perps  Constrains political, social and cultural development

Social and Costs of Institutional Racism Cont’d  Incentive Lost  Creates dependency on federal government for justice  Creates central city ghettos, enterprise zones and urban blithe  Imposes monetary burden on society  Prevents beneficial coalitions  Dehumanization

Institutional Checklist  Are there laws denying individuals or groups admission into systems based on race, color or ethnicity?  Is there a seniority promotion system whereby some groups are excluded from competition during part of the time the system is enforce?  Are realtors managing prices on homes in certain areas? Does this pricing adjust according to the race or ethnicity of the buyer?

Institutional Checklist  Does the welfare system maintain the dependency norm, rather that serve as an activity for progressive change and relief?  Are the voting districts modified after each census to ‘gerrymander’ strengths according to gender, race, culture or ethnicity?

Reverse Discrimination  Those policies, practices, procedures or standards that discriminates against the dominant group by affording preferential treatment to the minority group.  Involves using expedient and faulty procedures to meet affirmative actions objectives. Affirmative actions were designed to be a tool to correct part discriminatory imbalances in a functional area, reverse discrimination occurs when ‘quotas’ are attached to meet objective where no problem has existed. Quotas are inflexible. Goals should be used. The misuse example wherein a quota being established with no target group applicant - holding the position vacant

THE HIGH PERFORMANCE SYSTEM TEAMWORK PURPOSE PROCESSES PEOPLE COMMUNICATIONS FEEDBACK GOALS LEADERSHIP CREATIVITY INNOVATIONS FLEXIBILITY

THE HIGH PERFORMING PERSON  SELF IMAGE  RISK TAKING  HOLISTIC FITNESS  VISUALIZATION  WORK STYLE  NETWORKING  BELIEF SYSTEM  MANAGING TIME

Principles of African Way of Life Restoring Ancestry  Reassessment  Reclaiming  Recommitment  Remembrance  Retrieval  Resumption  Resurrection  Rejuvenation

Key Barriers to Realization of the African American Dream  Low Achievement Orientation  Unconstructive Climate  Unconstructive Environment  Stunted Individual Growth  Lack of Creative Capacity  Undeveloped Societal Role

Key Barriers to Realization of the African American Dream (cont’d)  Soft Critiquing  Negative Intergroup Relations  Ineffective Educational Methods  Inappropriate Leadership  Inadequate Team Organization  Inadequate Group Organization  Unqualified Membership  Insufficient Parental Involvement

Contemporary Issues in the Black Community  Education of Black Children  Parental Involvement Level in Education  Quality of Education  Economic Development  Business Development  Communications  Drugs in the Community  Violence in the Community  Lack of Unity in Community  Crime in the Community

Contemporary Issues in the Black Community  Quality of Political Leadership  Single Mothers / Heads of Households  Teen Pregnancy  Training for Economic Empowerment  Lack of Cohesion and Networking Organizations  Poor Parenting Skills  High School Dropout Rate  Environmental Racism  Absence of Parental Involvement in Issues  Lack of Financial Resources in the Hood

Contemporary Issues in the Black Community  No Southern Hospitality  Blacks Doing Business with Other Blacks  Black Networking  Prayer in Public School  Lack of Information Needed to Make Decisions  Lack of Accountability of Black Leadership  Disunity in the Religious World

Contemporary Issues in the Black Community  More Cultural Activity for Youth  Afro-Am Women as Business Owners  Lack of Positive Images in Media  Working Together for the Common Good  Complacency  Job Opportunities for Youth  Black Church /Business Communications  Youth having Forward Aspirations (In Church)  Stigma on Black Business

Contemporary Issues in the Black Community  Black Business Owners not Qualified  Lack of Positive Role Models  Need to Define Meaning of ‘Black’ and ‘Blackness’

Summary  Individual and institutional racism, in its many forms, are social diseases that resist traditional treatment. Racism cannot be seen under any microscope, but it is there.  We provided the tools necessary to recognize it when you have dealing with people.  Democracy depends on the inclusion of all people regardless of race, color or ethnicity.

Where to get more information  Other training sessions  See Bibliography, articles, electronic sources  Consulting services, other sources

Bibliography  Hirsch, S. THE RIDDLE OF RACISM. Viking, c HIR.  Young, Witney. BEYOND RACISM. McGraw, c YOU  Baer, Hans A. THE BLACK SPIRITUAL MOVEMENT: A RELIGIOUS RESPONSE TO RACISM. Knoxville, Tennessee: University of Tennessee Press,  Bastide, Roger. “COLOR, RACISM AND CHRISTIANITY.” Daedalus. No. 2, Spring 1967, P.56.

Bibliography  Bastide, Roger. “COLOR, RACISM AND CHRISTIANITY.” Daedalus. No. 2, Spring 1967, P.56.  BLACK ANTI-SEMITISM AND JEWISH RACISM by James Baldwin and others Introd. by Nat Hentoff. New York, R. W. Baron, E B54  Bromy, David G comp. WHITE RACISM AND BLACK AMERICANS. Edited by David G. Bromley and Charles F. Longino, Jr. Foreword by Shirley Chisolm. Cambridge, Mass., Schenkman Pub. Co.; distributed by General Learning Press Morristown, N. J., c1972. E 185 B873

Bibliography  Jordan, Winthrop D., THE WHITE MAN’S BURDEN: Historical Origins of Racism in the United States JOR  BOGGS, James. RACISM AND THE CLASS STRUGGLE: further pages from a black worker’s notebook. New York, Monthly Review Press, 1970 E B58  MacCann, Donnarae, comp. THE BLACK AMERICAN IN BOOKS FOR CHILDREN: Readings in Racism MacC

Bibliography  DeNevi, Donald P. comp. RACISM AT THE TURN OF THE CENTURY; documentary perspectives Editors: Donald P. DeNevi and Doris A. Holmes. Introd.: Norvel Smith. San Rafael, Calif. Leswing Press E185.6 D46.  Franklin, Raymond S. THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF RACISM by Raymond S. Franklin and Solomon Resnik. New York, Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, E F72

Bibliography  Goldschmid, Marcel L. comp. BLACK AMERICANS AND WHITE RACISM; theory and research. Edited and Introductions by Marcel L. Goldschmid. New York, Holt, Rinehart and Winston E C595  INSTITUTIONAL RACISM IN AMERICA Contributors: Owen Blank and others Edited by Louis L. Knowles and Kenneth Prewitt. With an appendix by Harold Baron. Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice Hall 1970, c1969. E I6

Bibliography  Lecky, Robert S. BLACK MANIFESTO: Religion, racism, and reparations, edited by Robert S. Kecky and H. Elliott Wright. New York, Sheed and Ward E L4  Lindsey, Paul, BREAKING THE BONDS OF RACISM, by Paul and Guilda Lindsey. Homewood, Ill., ETC Publications E L573  Monte, Anita. RACISM / Anita Monte. -- New York: Pocket Books, E185 M6

Bibliography  Perlo, Victor. ECONOMICS OF RACISM U.S. A.: roots of Black inequality / Victor Perlo. - 1st ed. -- New York: International Pub1ishers, l975. E185.8 P418  RACISM AND MENTAL HEALTH: Essays. Charles V. Wilie, Bernard M. Kramer and Bertram S. Brown, editors. Pittsburg University of Pittsburg Press RA790.6 R3  RACISM AND SLAVERY IN THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE: Quantative Studies. Princeton, c1975. (Quantitive studies in History) HT1048 R33

Bibliography  Schwartz, Barry N. WHITE RACISM: Its History, Pathology And Practice / by Barry N. Schwartz and Robert Disch. – New York: Dell Publishing Co., c1970. E S35  Scott, Benjamin. THE COMING OF THE BLACK MAN. Boston: Beacon Press,  Smith, Hilrie Shelton, IN HIS IMAGE, BUT….. Racism in Southern religion, by H. Shelton Smith. Durham, N.C., Duke University Press, BT734.2 S56

Bibliography  Thomas, Alexander, RACISM AND PSYCHIATRY, by Alexander Thomas and Samuel Sillen. New York, Brunner/Mazel E T47  Wright, Nathan. LET’S FACE RACISM. Camden N.H.T. Nelson E85.61 W947  Young, Whitney M. BEYOND RACISM: building an open society. By Whitney M. Young, Jr. 1st ed. New York, McGraw-Hill E Y6

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