1Cosmologia A.Year 02_03 - Milano Bicocca 1 Cosmology Prof. Guido Chincarini The scope of these lectures is to give to the student a feeling for modern problems in cosmology, understand the basic concepts and give to him some tools to work with. Often I will deal with a rough approximation in deriving equations and numerical solutions. That is to facilitate the comprehension. The student can refer to advanced textbooks and articles to refine his/her computational capabilities. The Introduction give a general overview of the state of the art referring to basic matters and problems which are being studied now days. I will then, before getting to the world models, revisit the Luminosity Function of galaxies in its more general meaning in order to give to the students a good grasp on this fundamental distribution function and ideas on where our knowledge could and/or need to be improved.

2Cosmologia A.Year 02_03 - Milano Bicocca 2 Notes & References I will still work on these lectures during the next semester,. Indeed various parts need to be improved, other expanded and above all I must add an large number of references to help the students and also to acknowledge the contribution of others when needed and due. On the other hand I realize that many students and colleagues like to have them the way they are and eventually get the updates later on when ready. I understand that so that I decided to put them on the Web. I appreciate if they are quoted when used and if the students, or anyone for that matter, let me know about errors and typos. Also let me know ways to improve them.

3Cosmologia A.Year 02_03 - Milano Bicocca 3 Cosmologia Notizie Pratiche Coordinates: - Phone: – FAX Lectures: Monday & Wednesday – 10:45 – 12:45 – or TBD Notes: The students will give a short (20 minutes lecture) at the end of the semester. Exams: Can be done with appointment any time the student wants. The exam consists of a discussion on a topic selected by the student (generally the content of the lecture the student presented at the end of the semester) and on some of the arguments dealt during the regular lectures. Relax: Picnic at the Observatory in Merate hopefully will continue. Eventually we organize a joint gathering. Everybody is welcome.

4Cosmologia A.Year 02_03 - Milano Bicocca 4 Shall we try? The literature and the web is very rich. Data and catalogues are available at any wavelength (Radio, HST, XMM, Chandra etc) and tools to analyze them, as for instance ASDC, are also at hand. There are beautiful pictures as well. The idea is: a.Could we try, as a group, to tackle or re-work a cosmological problem or b.Could we try to tackle many different and simpler problems with pairs or single students or c.Better forget about The Risks: A.We might fail because the problem (or problems) is not well chosen B.Since I am very busy I might not find the time to follow properly the students. I might not be capable of carrying out on this first attempt what I have in mind. C.We discover it is a silly idea. I did not star to plan on it yet. The Reason for this: I.Things in science and in life are changing and we have to find new ways not only to organize ourselves but also to teach, become creative and find a way of thinking and operating with broader view.

5Cosmologia A.Year 02_03 - Milano Bicocca 5 I’m astounded by people who want to “know” the Universe when it’s hard enough to find your way around Chinatown. (Woody Allen)

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7 7 Composizione artistica della NASA

8Cosmologia A.Year 02_03 - Milano Bicocca 8 The evolving Universe Milestones Big Bang. (0.0) Planck’s time ( sec) Nucleosynthesis - He - Gamow. (~100 sec) Time of Equivalence. ( years) Time of Recombination. (~25000 years) - MWB The formation of galaxies and Large Scale Structures.(~500 Ml years) The present (~ years)

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10Cosmologia A.Year 02_03 - Milano Bicocca 10 Brown dwarfs White Dwarf Neutron Stars Black Holes Big Squeeze or the Vacuum Le Tappe Finali

11Cosmologia A.Year 02_03 - Milano Bicocca 11 The simulated image shows what the accretion disk around a black hole might look like. The distortions of time and space by the intense gravity of the black hole and motion of the material at close to the speed of light cause emission to be shifted to longer and shorter wavelengths.

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14Cosmologia A.Year 02_03 - Milano Bicocca 14 Cosmological Tests leading to q o 1.Hubble Diagram 2.Galaxy counts-magnitude 3.The angular diameters - z relation 4.Age of the oldest objects 5.Lensing

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17Cosmologia A.Year 02_03 - Milano Bicocca 17 The amount of matter/energy in the universe determines the rate at which the expansion of the universe is decelerated by the gravitational attraction of its contents, and thus its future state: whether it will expand forever or collapse into a future Big Crunch.

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19Cosmologia A.Year 02_03 - Milano Bicocca 19 The Hubble Diagram in the low red-shift limit(V=H o x D)           Hubble& Humason 1931

20Cosmologia A.Year 02_03 - Milano Bicocca km/s Mpc

21Cosmologia A.Year 02_03 - Milano Bicocca 21 The Hubble Diagram at high z For an object of known absolute magnitude M, a measurement of the apparent magnitude m at a given z is sensitive to the universal parameters, through the luminosity distance:

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23Cosmologia A.Year 02_03 - Milano Bicocca 23 GRBs ??

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26Cosmologia A.Year 02_03 - Milano Bicocca 26 Star Formation Rate The distribution has been obtained by fitting the curve proposed by Lamb and Reichart and adding a Gaussian distribution in the range 15<z<21. At low redshifts the results by Rowan & Robinson have been preferred and these match also better the simulations by Gnedin and Ostriker. The peak at z~19 (or may be 18) corresponds to the formation of Pop. III stars due to cooling by molecular hydrogen.

27Cosmologia A.Year 02_03 - Milano Bicocca 27 Redshifts L   Forest

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29Cosmologia A.Year 02_03 - Milano Bicocca 29 Distant Galaxy with ISAAC

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31Cosmologia A.Year 02_03 - Milano Bicocca 31 See Black Body Radiation

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33Cosmologia A.Year 02_03 - Milano Bicocca 33 Materia Oscura Ω < 0.1 Barionica Clumped H2Gas PolvereMACHOs VMONane Brune Black Holes > 0.1 Non Barionica Particelle esotiche Non - Termiche Assioni ?? Equilibrio Termico Neutrini Leggeri (25 eV) WIMPs ?? Da: Materia Oscura ed Energia Oscura Guido Chincarini

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36Cosmologia A.Year 02_03 - Milano Bicocca 36 Distant Galaxy with Gravitational Lens - Einstein Ring - A way to Map Matter

37Cosmologia A.Year 02_03 - Milano Bicocca 37 The Coma Cluster of Galaxies - PSS & CHANDRA

38Cosmologia A.Year 02_03 - Milano Bicocca 38 X - Ray Photons Optical Photons

39Cosmologia A.Year 02_03 - Milano Bicocca 39 Merger of two sub_clusters. The sub-clusters are embedded within Abell The subclusters might have collided two or three times in the past few billion years. The bright source in the upper left quadrant is an active galaxy belonging to the cluster. White 50 million Degrees, Magenta 50 Million Degrees to 100.

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42Cosmologia A.Year 02_03 - Milano Bicocca 42 Gamma Ray Burst at z=1.6, GRB

43Cosmologia A.Year 02_03 - Milano Bicocca 43 GRB Polarization Observing the afterglow of GRB with the VLT soon (~ 18 h) after the burst detection, a small but significant amount of linear polarisation was detected in the optical (R) band, Covino et al.,Wijers et al There are two major consequences of this observation: first, it is a confirmation of the synchrotron origin of the radiation, since synchrotron photons can be highly polarised. Second, associated with a somewhat anomalous steeping of the light-curve, it gives a strong indication for the fireball to be beamed.

44Cosmologia A.Year 02_03 - Milano Bicocca 44 GRB Model

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