Hot water heating yesterday...
Hot water heating … and today n Principle –Heating system n Heat source n Distribution network n Heat emitter –Heat transfer medium n water n steam n air
Hot-water heating n Terminology Boiler Radiator Main supply/return pipe Branch supply/return pipe Radiator valve Vent cock Drain/feed cock Shutoff valves Expansion tank Manual Control valve Radiator
Heating system design Initial information about the building –Type n industrial, office, dwelling –Operation n continuous, intermittent n single, multiple –Structure n heavy, light n new, reconstruction
Heating system design Functional requirements n Connection of the heat emitters with the heat source n Deaeration n Draining n Integration into the building
Heating system design Optimisation criterions Length of the pipes Location of the heat emmiters Control of the system Investment costs Operational costs Maintenance
Design parameters of hot water heating systems – –(1)Water circulation – –(2) Geometry of the system – –(3) Water temperature – –(4) Expansion vessel – –(5)Materials
Water circulation n Natural – without pump P1=h.ρ 1.g P2=h.ρ 2.g ΔP F =ΔP n + ΔP P n Forced – with pump ΔP n =P 2 -P 1 =h.(ρ 2 - ρ 1 ).g P2P2 P1P1
Geometry of the system n Relative connection of the heat emitters –One-pipe, two-pipe n Main pipe lay-out –Upper, lower, combined n Branch pipes lay-out –vertical, horizontal, microbore
Geometry of the system Relative connection of the heat emitters n Relative connection of the heat emitters –Two-pipe system –One-pipe system
Two-pipe systems n Contraflow, parallel flow Tichelmann
One-pipe systems Basic schemes of the connection WithWith mixing valve Two-point One-point With By-Pass With By-Pass –“Horse Rider“ – Controlled by-pass SerialSerial
One-pipe systems Mixing valves Two-point valves One-point valves Ventil compact
On-pipe systems Horse -rider Low pressure radiator valves
Relative connection of the heat emitters Conclusion Two-pipe X one-pipe system – –Length of the pipes – –Water circulation – –Measuring and control – –Pressures in the system
Geometry of the system Main-pipe layout Upper Lower Combined
Branch pipes lay-out Vertical Horizontal Hvězdicová Microbore