Interactions between Semiotic Modes in Multimodal Texts Martin Siefkes, University of Bremen

Overview Why investigate intermodal interactions? Theoretical approaches Layers of texts Intermodal interaction types (IITs) Some examples

What are intermodal relations? In multimodal texts, different semiotic modes are used together Modes can be considered in terms of their relations to each other Semiotic modes can be differentiated into various layers (expression, content, intended effects, style) All these layers can interact with layers of other modes > Not all of this is always relevant!

Intermodality Intermodal relations are a very complex problem in multimodality research In a multimodal text, each mode contributes to overall meaning, form, and style! Textual inferences are often based on information given in various modes (cf. Wildfeuer 2012) There are additional textual properties that are caused by relations between modes

Intermodality Intermodal relation: relations found between modes > IIT: an “intermodal interaction type” definable by logical properties Intermodal interaction: changes in one mode caused by the presence of another mode > a definable change in expression, meaning, and/or style

Example: Intermodal deixis Example from Gattaca (1997, A. Niccol), 00:39:40 [Jerome:] “I’m gonna finish this.” [Vincent:] “Titan is exactly like this. All the time it’s got a cloud around it.” Intermodal deixis (a.l, v.i) a.l = perceptual mode: auditory semiotic mode: language v.i = perceptual mode: visual semiotic mode: image

Intermodality Intermodality or intersemiosis Modes: sign systems ⇒ semiotics, linguistics, image studies, … and perceptual modes ⇒ psychology, cognitive science, neuroscience

Basic idea Set of intermodal interaction types (IITs) Descriptive categories (e.g. system networks) are usually area-specific Often-neglected part of multimodal meaning Limited by demand for generality

5 modes and their interactions in a film moving images [v.mi] I (v.mi, a.l) I (v.mi, v.l) spoken language [a.l] written language [v.l] I (a.l, v.l) I(v.mi, a.s) I (v.mi, a.m) I (a.l, a.s) I (v.l, a.m) I (a.s, v.l) I (a.l, a.m) sounds [a.s] music [a.m] I (a.s, a.m)

Intermodality and Multimodality For all these interactions, we can distinguish between perceptual mode (auditory, visual, …) and semiotic mode (language, images, …) Furthermore: modes such as images comprise submodes such as color, lighting, clothing, gesture and mimics of characters Intermodality considers aspects which cannot be found by looking at the modes separately Thus, monomodal and multimodal analysis complement each other!

Three layers of text / discourse Layer of Form / Expression Layer of Content / Semantics Layer of Style

Three layers of text / discourse Textual layer Form / Expression – Segmentability – Spatial relations – Time relations – Combination rules Content / Semantics – Discourse referents – Propositions – Inferences Style – Choice-related aspects – Patterns not caused by function or content

Interactions and other structure Text with modalities M1, …, Mn Monomodal structure for M1, …, Mn All interactions I (Mi, …, Mj) for i, j ∊ n; i ≠j Holistic structure (?)

Layers of two interacting modes M1: moving images [v.mi] M1: spoken language [a.l] Expression: Exp (M1) Expression: Exp (M2) I (Exp (v.mi), Exp (a.l)) I (Exp (v.mi), Con (a.l)) Content: Con (M1) Content: Con (M2) I (Con (v.mi), Con (a.l)) Style: Sty (M1) Style: Sty (M2) I (Sty (v.mi), Sty (a.l))

Expression / form relations Overlap a spatial and/or temporal overlap between expressions (= form; sign carriers) of two modes Occlusion an overlap where the expression of one mode becomes partially occluded Formal notation example: Occlusion (πi, Exp(M1), Exp(M2))

Expression / form relations Integration the expressions of M1 and M2 are integrated, i.e. cannot be separated Parallelism a parallel organization of material in two modes: e.g. one utterance [v.l] for one panel [v.i]

Content relations Similarity Contrast Contradiction Background Formal notation example: Similarity (πi, Con(M1), Con(M2))

Intermodal predication Example from Spirited Away (2001, dir. Hayao Miyazaki), 00:56:10 “You got a really good one. […] This one has dried worm salts. With water this murky, …” Intermodal predication (a.l [v.l], v.i) a.l = perceptual mode: auditory semiotic mode: language v.i = perceptual mode: visual semiotic mode: image

Contradiction Intermodal contradiction (v.l, v.i) v.i = perceptual mode: visual semiotic mode: image v.l = perceptual mode: visual semiotic mode: language [Subtitle:] The protest march was non- violently dissolved by the police.

Typification Reference modification: Typification (a.l, v.i) v.i = perceptual mode: visual semiotic mode: image a.l = perceptual mode: auditory semiotic mode: language [Narrator’s voice:] “The giraffe is the largest land animal.“

Further content relations Intermodal deixis Intermodal predication Exemplification Disambiguation [Reference modification:] Typification [Reference modification:] Tokenization

Stylistic relations Similarity Varying complexity Varying time of production Varying (implied) producer Parody Formal notation example: Varying complexity (πi, Sty(M1), Sty(M2))

Important points Intermodal analysis poses highly complex problems Important for practical results Three distinctions: Modes present in a text images, language, music, … Levels of text / discourse form / expression, content, style, … Types of interactions intermodal deixis, predication, typification, … Methods are available in semiotics & multimodality research!

Research questions Role of interactions in multimodal texts Which list of interaction types (IITs) should we assume? How to represent interaction types? ⇒ inclusion in a discourse representation model When can interaction types be defined in a logical discourse model? ⇒ conditions for their presence How can their presence be empirically determined? ⇒ annotation in corpus studies

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