CHAPTER 13 SECTION 3 Education and Popular Culture MAIN IDEA: The mass media, movies, and spectator sports played important roles is creating the popular culture of the 1920s-a culture that many artists and writers criticized.
EDUCATION BEFORE THE 1920s Enrollments- 1 million high school students Types of Courses-high school courses centered to college bound students Immigrants- Many immigrant students spoke some English (English and Irish) Financing- costs doubled from 1913-1920
EDUCATION DURING THE 1920s Enrollments- 4 million high school students Types of Courses-Catered to broad range of students including those interested in vocational training and home economics Immigrants- Many spoke no English Financing- Costs doubled again totaling $2.7 billion a year between 1926
MAGAZINES TIME (1923) READERS DIGEST (1922) Circulation of 2 million each
RADIO Most powerful form of communication to emerge KOKA-Pittsburgh-first commercial radio station, listeners tuned in for news, entertainment, and advertisements MELODY MAKER (page 447)
SPORTS Babe Ruth-record 60 homeruns in 1927 Jack Dempsey-heavyweight champ Gene Tunney-defeated Dempsey in 1927 Helen Wills-dominated women’s tennis; won singles at Wimbledon 8X; US Open 7X Gertrude Ederle-at 19 became first woman to swim the English Channel Andrew Foster-1920 founded the Negro National League; “The Father of Black Baseball”
MOVIES The Jazz Singer-1927 the first major movie with sound Steamboat Willie- Walt Disney’s first animated film with sound (1928) Movies called “talkies”
Theater, Music and Art Eugene O’Neill- Famous play The Hairy Ape; forced Americans to reflect upon modern isolationism, confusion and family conflict George Gershwin-Concert Music Composer; influenced by Louis Armstrong and traditional music Edward Hopper-Painter Georgia O’Keeffe-produced intensely colored canvases that captured New York
Literature Sinclair Lewis-first American to win a Nobel Prize in literature; novel Babbitt F. Scott Fitzgerald-coined the term “Jazz Age”; The Great Gatsby (revealed the negative side of the period’s freedom, portraying wealthy and attractive people leading imperiled lives Edith Whatton-clash between traditional and modern values
Literature Edna St. Vincent Millay-wrote poems celebrating youth and life Ernest Hemingway-wounded in WWI; most well-known author; criticized the glorification of war Introduced a simplified style of writing T.S. Elliot-poem The Waste Land
1st non-stop flight across the Atlantic Ocean CHARLES LINDBERGH 1st non-stop flight across the Atlantic Ocean