Chapter 11 Leadership Theories Leaders move things forward

Chapter 11 Study Questions What is leadership and how does it differ from management? What are situational contingency approaches to leadership ? What is implicit leadership? What are charismatic/transformational perspectives? Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

What is leadership and how does it differ from management? Role of management is to promote stability or to enable the organization to run smoothly Role of leadership is to promote adaptive or useful changes Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

What is leadership and how does it differ from management? process of influencing others to understand and agree about what needs to be done and how to do it, and the process of facilitating individual and collective efforts to accomplish shared efforts Formal leadership Informal leadership Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

What is leadership and how does it differ from management? Formal leadership exerted by persons appointed to or elected to positions of formal authority in organizations Informal leadership exerted by persons who become influential because they have special skills that meet the resource needs of others Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

What is leadership and how does it differ from management? Approaches to leadership Trait and behavioral theory perspectives Attributional and symbolic perspectives Transformational and charismatic perspectives Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Study Question 1: What is leadership and how does it differ from management? Trait perspectives assume that traits play a central role in differentiating between leaders and non-leaders or in predicting leader or organizational outcomes. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 11.1 Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

What is leadership and how does it differ from management? Behavioral theories assumes that leadership is central to performance and other outcomes Focuses on leader behaviors rather than traits Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

What is leadership and how does it differ from management? Michigan leadership studies Employee-centered supervisors Place strong emphasis on subordinate’s welfare Production-centered supervisors Place strong emphasis on getting the work done Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

What is leadership and how does it differ from management? Ohio State leadership studies Consideration Sensitive to people’s feelings and making things pleasant for the followers Initiating structure Concerned with spelling out the task requirements and clarifying other aspects of the work agenda Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

What is leadership and how does it differ from management? Leadership Grid Developed by Blake and Mouton Built on dual emphasis of consideration and initiating structure A 9 x 9 Grid (matrix) reflecting levels of concern for people and concern for task Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

What is leadership and how does it differ from management? Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) theory Focuses on the quality of the working relationship between leaders and followers LMX dimensions determine followers’ membership in leader’s “in group” or “out group” Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

What are situational contingency approaches to leadership? Leader traits and behaviors can act in conjunction with situational contingencies The effects of leader traits are enhanced by their relevance to situational contingencies Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

What are situational contingency approaches to leadership? Fiedler’s contingency model Situational control - The extent to which a leader can determine what his or her group is going to do as well as the outcomes of the group’s actions and decisions. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

What are situational contingency approaches to leadership? Least preferred co-worker (LPC) scale measure of a person’s leadership style based on a description of the person with whom respondents have been able to work least well Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 11.2 Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

What are situational contingency approaches to leadership? Fiedler’s situational control variables Leader-member relations (good/poor)—membership support for the leader Task structure (high/low)—spelling out the leader’s task goals, procedures, and guidelines in the group Position power (strong/weak)—the leader’s task expertise and reward or punishment authority Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

What are situational contingency approaches to leadership? Fiedler’s cognitive resource theory A leader’s use of directive or nondirective behavior depends on: The leader’s or subordinate group members’ ability or competency Stress Experience Group support of the leader Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

What are situational contingency approaches to leadership? House’s path-goal theory of leadership assumes that a leader’s key function is to adjust his or her behaviors to complement situational contingencies. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 11.3 Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

What are situational contingency approaches to leadership? Directive leadership spells out the what and how of subordinates’ tasks Supportive leadership focuses on subordinate needs, well-being, and promotion of a friendly work climate. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

What are situational contingency approaches to leadership? Achievement oriented leadership emphasizes setting challenging goals, stressing excellence in performance and showing confidence in people’s ability to achieve high standards of performance. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

What are situational contingency approaches to leadership? Participative leadership focuses on consulting with subordinates and seeking and taking their suggestions into account before making decisions. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 11.4 Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 11.5 Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

What are situational contingency approaches to leadership? Leader-member exchange (LMX) theory emphasizes the quality of the working relationship between leaders and followers. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

What are situational contingency approaches to leadership? Substitutes for leadership make a leader’s influence either unnecessary or redundant in that they replace a leader’s influence Romance of leadership is where people attribute romantic, almost magical, qualities to leadership Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

What is implicit leadership? Inference-based Emphasizes leadership effectiveness as inferred by perceived group/organizational performance outcomes Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

What is implicit leadership? Recognition-based is leadership effectiveness based on how well a person fits characteristics of a good or effective leader Leadership prototypes are the second form of leadership considered to be in the mind of the beholder. Here, research argues that people have a mental image of the characteristics that make a “good” leader or that a “real” leader would possess to be considered effective in a given situation. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

What are charismatic/transformational perspectives? Charismatic leaders Leaders who by force of their personal abilities, are capable of having a profound and extraordinary effect on followers Characteristics of charismatic leaders include: High need for power. High feelings of self-efficacy. Conviction in the moral rightness of their beliefs. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

What are charismatic/transformational perspectives? Conger and Kanungo’s three-stage charismatic leadership model Stage 1: the leader critically evaluates the status quo Stage 2: the leader formulates and articulates future goals and a idealized future vision. Stage 3: the leader shows how the goals and vision can be achieved. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 11.6 Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

What are charismatic/transformational perspectives? Transactional leadership Involves leader-follower exchanges necessary for achieving routine performance that is agreed upon by leaders and followers Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

What are charismatic/transformational perspectives? Leader-follower exchanges involve: Use of contingent rewards. Active management by exception. Passive management by exception. Abdicating responsibilities and avoiding decisions. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

What are charismatic/transformational perspectives? Transformational leadership Leaders broaden and elevate followers’ interests, generate awareness and acceptance of the group’s mission, and stir followers to look beyond self-interests Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

What are charismatic/transformational perspectives? Dimensions of transformational leadership Charisma Inspiration Intellectual stimulation Individualized consideration Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

What are charismatic/transformational perspectives? Can people be trained in the new leadership? People can be trained to adopt new leadership approaches. Leaders can devise improvement programs to address their weaknesses and work with trainers to develop their leadership skills. Leaders can be trained in charismatic skills. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

What are charismatic/transformational perspectives? Is new leadership always good? Not always good Dark-side charismatics can have negative effects on followers Not always needed Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.