Table of Contents – pages iii Unit 1: What is Biology? Unit 2: Ecology Unit 3: The Life of a Cell Unit 4: Genetics Unit 5: Change Through Time Unit 6: Viruses, Bacteria, Protists, and Fungi Unit 7: Plants Unit 8: Invertebrates Unit 9: Vertebrates Unit 10: The Human Body Table of Contents – pages iii

Table of Contents – pages vii-xiii Unit 1: What is Biology? Chapter 1: Biology: The Study of Life Unit 2: Ecology Chapter 2: Principles of Ecology Chapter 3: Communities and Biomes Chapter 4: Population Biology Chapter 5: Biological Diversity and Conservation Unit 3: The Life of a Cell Chapter 6: The Chemistry of Life Chapter 7: A View of the Cell Chapter 8: Cellular Transport and the Cell Cycle Chapter 9: Energy in a Cell Table of Contents – pages vii-xiii

Table of Contents – pages vii-xiii Unit 4: Genetics Chapter 10: Mendel and Meiosis Chapter 11: DNA and Genes Chapter 12: Patterns of Heredity and Human Genetics Chapter 13: Genetic Technology Unit 5: Change Through Time Chapter 14: The History of Life Chapter 15: The Theory of Evolution Chapter 16: Primate Evolution Chapter 17: Organizing Life’s Diversity Table of Contents – pages vii-xiii

Table of Contents – pages vii-xiii Unit 6: Viruses, Bacteria, Protists, and Fungi Chapter 18: Viruses and Bacteria Chapter 19: Protists Chapter 20: Fungi Unit 7: Plants Chapter 21: What Is a Plant? Chapter 22: The Diversity of Plants Chapter 23: Plant Structure and Function Chapter 24: Reproduction in Plants Table of Contents – pages vii-xiii

Table of Contents – pages vii-xiii Unit 8: Invertebrates Chapter 25: What Is an Animal? Chapter 26: Sponges, Cnidarians, Flatworms, and Roundworms Chapter 27: Mollusks and Segmented Worms Chapter 28: Arthropods Chapter 29: Echinoderms and Invertebrate Chordates Table of Contents – pages vii-xiii

Table of Contents – pages vii-xiii Unit 9: Vertebrates Chapter 30: Fishes and Amphibians Chapter 31: Reptiles and Birds Chapter 32: Mammals Chapter 33: Animal Behavior Unit 10: The Human Body Chapter 34: Protection, Support, and Locomotion Chapter 35: The Digestive and Endocrine Systems Chapter 36: The Nervous System Chapter 37: Respiration, Circulation, and Excretion Chapter 38: Reproduction and Development Chapter 39: Immunity from Disease Table of Contents – pages vii-xiii

Ecology Principles of Ecology Communities and Biomes Population Biology Biological Diversity and Conservation Unit Overview – pages 32-33

Chapter Contents – page vii Chapter 5 Biological Diversity and Conservation 5.1: Vanishing Species 5.1: Section Check 5.2: Conservation of Biodiversity 5.2: Section Check Chapter 5 Summary Chapter 5 Assessment Chapter Contents – page vii

You will explain the importance of biological diversity. What You’ll Learn You will explain the importance of biological diversity. You will distinguish environmental changes that may result in the loss of species. You will describe the work of conservation biologists. Chapter Intro-page 110

5.1 Section Objectives – page 111 Explain biodiversity and its importance. Relate various threats to the loss of biodiversity. 5.1 Section Objectives – page 111

Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120 Biological Diversity Biodiversity refers to the variety of species in a specific area. The simplest and most common measure of biodiversity is the number of different species that live in a certain area. Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120

Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120 Where is biodiversity found? Areas around the world differ in biodiversity. Biodiversity increases as you move toward the equator. Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120

Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120 Where is biodiversity found? Tropical regions contain two-thirds of all land species on Earth. Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120

Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120 Where is biodiversity found? The richest environments for biodiversity all seem to be warm places: tropical rain forests, coral reefs, and large tropical lakes. Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120

Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120 Studying biodiversity How do ecologists perform experiments related to biodiversity? Today you can read about projects in rain forests that require scientists to live 150 meters up in the canopy for weeks while they collect species that live only at that level. Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120

Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120 Studying biodiversity Other researchers catalogue the organisms that live in coral reefs and others attach radio collars to sea turtles. Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120

Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120 Studying biodiversity Still others work in laboratories comparing the DNA of members of isolated populations to see how or if these populations might be changing. Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120

Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120 Importance to nature Living things are interdependent. Living things can be niches for other living things. Populations are adapted to live together in communities. Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120

Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120 Importance to nature Scientists do know that if a species is lost from an ecosystem, the loss may have consequences for other living things in the area. Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120

Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120 Biodiversity brings stability Biodiversity can bring stability to an ecosystem. A pest could easily destroy all the corn in a farmer’s field, but it would be far more difficult for a single type of insect or disease to destroy all individuals of a plant species in a rain forest. Ecosystems are stable if their biodiversity is maintained. Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120

Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120 Importance to people Humans depend on other organisms for their needs. Yet only a few species of plants and animals supply the major portion of the food eaten by the human population. Biodiversity could help breeders produce additional food crops. Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120

Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120 Importance to people Another important reason for maintaining biodiversity is that it can be used to improve people’s health. Living things supply the world pharmacy. Penicillium Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120

Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120 Importance to people Preserving biodiversity ensures there will be a supply of living things, some of which may provide future drugs. Penicillium Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120

Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120 Loss of Biodiversity Extinction is the disappearance of a species when the last of its members dies. Extinction is a natural process and Earth has experienced several mass extinctions during its history. Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120

Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120 Loss of Biodiversity There is also a certain level of natural extinction, called background extinction, that goes on. Scientists estimate that background extinction accounts for the loss of one to ten species per year. However, the current rate of extinction exceeds that by many times. Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120

Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120 Loss of Biodiversity A species is considered to be an endangered species when its numbers become so low that extinction is possible. Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120

Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120 Loss of Biodiversity When the population of a species is likely to become endangered, it is said to be a threatened species. Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120

Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120 Threats to Biodiversity Complex interactions among species make each ecosystem unique. Changes to habitats can therefore threaten organisms with extinction. Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120

Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120 Habitat loss One of the biggest reasons for decline in biodiversity is habitat loss. Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120

Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120 Habitat fragmentation Habitat fragmentation is the separation of wilderness areas from other wilderness areas. Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120

Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120 Habitat fragmentation Habitat fragmentation has been found to contribute to: increased extinction of local species. changes in overall biodiversity. disruption of ecological processes. new opportunities for invasions by unwanted or exotic species. increased risk of fire. Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120

Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120 Habitat fragmentation The smaller the fragment, the less biodiversity the area can support. Geographic isolation can lead to genetic isolation. Habitat fragmentation also makes it difficult for species to reestablish themselves in an area. Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120

Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120 Edge and size The edge of a habitat or ecosystem is where one habitat or ecosystem meets another. Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120

Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120 Edge and size The different conditions along the boundaries of an ecosystem are called edge effects. Different organisms might live along the edge of a forest instead of in the interior of the forest. Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120

Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120 Edge and size If a road is cut through a wooded area, the shape of the wooded area changes and the edge is changed. Now there is less distance between the edge and the interior. Some plants might die out. Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120

Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120 Edge and size When an edge changes, animals might migrate because there isn’t enough space from which to gather food. As a result, biodiversity of that area changes. Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120

Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120 Habitat degradation Another threat to biodiversity is habitat degradation, the damage to a habitat by pollution. Three types of pollution are air, water, and land pollution. Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120

Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120 Habitat degradation Pollutants enter the atmosphere in many ways—including volcanic eruptions and forest fires. Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120

Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120 Habitat degradation Burning fossil fuels is also a major source of air pollutants such as sulfur dioxide. Acid precipitation—rain, snow, sleet, and fog with low pH values—has been linked to the deterioration of some forests and lakes. Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120

Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120 Habitat degradation Ultraviolet waves emitted by the Sun also can cause damage to living organisms. Ozone, a compound consisting of three oxygen atoms, is found mainly in a region of Earth’s atmosphere between about 15 km and 35 km altitude. Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120

Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120 Habitat degradation The ozone in this region—known as the ozone layer—absorbs some of the ultraviolet waves striking the atmosphere, reducing the ultraviolet radiation reaching Earth’s surface. Click image to view movie. Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120

Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120 Water pollution Water pollution degrades aquatic habitats in streams, rivers, lakes, and oceans. A variety of pollutants can affect aquatic life. Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120

Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120 Water pollution Excess fertilizers and animal wastes are often carried by rain into streams and lakes. The sudden availability of nutrients causes algal blooms, the excessive growth of algae. Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120

Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120 Water pollution Detergents, heavy metals, and industrial chemicals in runoff can cause death in aquatic organisms. Abandoned drift nets in oceans have been known to entangle and kill dolphins, whales, and other sea life. Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120

Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120 Land pollution Trash, or solid waste, is made up of the cans, bottles, paper, plastic, metals, dirt, and spoiled food that people throw away every day. Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120

Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120 Land pollution Recycling Click image to view movie. Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120

Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120 Land pollution The average American produces about 1.8 kg of solid waste daily. That’s a total of about 657 kg of waste per person per year. Although some of it might decompose quickly, most trash becomes part of the billions of tons of solid waste that are buried in landfills. Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120

Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120 Land pollution The use of pesticides and other chemicals can also lead to habitat degradation. Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120

Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120 Exotic species People sometimes introduce a new species into an ecosystem, either intentionally or unintentionally. These species can cause problems for the native species. Kudzu Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120

Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120 Exotic species When exotic species are introduced, these species can grow at an exponential rate due to the fact that they are not immediately as vulnerable to local competitors or predators as are the established native species. Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120

Question 1 The term that refers to the variety of species in a specific area is _________. A. ecology B. conservation biology C. biodiversity D. endangered species Section 1 Check

The answer is C. The simplest measure of biodiversity is the number of different species that live in a certain area. Section 1 Check

Question 2 Describe the possible effect on a biological community of removing one species. Section 1 Check

Because living things are interdependent, removing a single species from a community can remove a food source or otherwise break symbiotic relationships causing remaining organisms to suffer. This decreases the stability of the ecosystem. Section 1 Check

Question 3 When the population of a species begins to significantly decline in numbers, it is __________. A. threatened B. extinct C. fragmented D. diverse Section 1 Check

The answer is A. When the population of a species is declining and likely to become endangered, it is said to be a threatened species. Results of Species Search* Scientific Name Common Name Group Listing status Current Range Loxodonta africana African elephant Mammals T Africa *U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Threatened and Endangered Species System (TESS) Through the Fish and Wildlife Service, information is available to the public on all species threatened or endangered T, under Listing Status, refers to threatened. An E would indicate endangered. Section 1 Check

5.2 Section Objectives – page 121 Describe strategies used in conservation biology. Relate success in protecting an endangered species to the methods used to protect it. 5.2 Section Objectives – page 121

Section 5.2 Summary – pages 121-125 Conservation Biology Conservation biology is the study and implementation of methods to protect biodiversity. Effective conservation strategies are based on principles of ecology. Section 5.2 Summary – pages 121-125

Section 5.2 Summary – pages 121-125 Conservation Biology Natural resources are those parts of the environment that are useful or necessary for living organisms. Natural resources include sunlight, water, air, and plant and animal resources. Section 5.2 Summary – pages 121-125

Section 5.2 Summary – pages 121-125 Legal protections of species In response to concern about species extinction, the U.S. Endangered Species Act became law in 1973. This law made it illegal to harm any species on the endangered or threatened species lists. Section 5.2 Summary – pages 121-125

Section 5.2 Summary – pages 121-125 Preserving habitats A habitat is the physical location where an organism lives and interacts with its environment. Section 5.2 Summary – pages 121-125

Section 5.2 Summary – pages 121-125 Preserving habitats One way that habitats have been protected is through the creation of natural preserves and parks. Section 5.2 Summary – pages 121-125

Section 5.2 Summary – pages 121-125 Preserving habitats Establishing parks and other protected regions has been an effective way to preserve ecosystems and the communities of species that live in them. Saguaro National Park, Arizona Section 5.2 Summary – pages 121-125

Section 5.2 Summary – pages 121-125 Habitat corridors A general strategy for protecting the biodiversity of an area probably is to protect the largest area possible. However, research is showing that keeping wildlife populations completely separate from one another may be resulting in inbreeding within populations. Section 5.2 Summary – pages 121-125

Section 5.2 Summary – pages 121-125 Habitat corridors Therefore, another strategy for preserving biodiversity is to connect protected areas with habitat corridors. Section 5.2 Summary – pages 121-125

Section 5.2 Summary – pages 121-125 Habitat corridors Habitat corridors are protected strips of land that allow the migration of organisms from one wilderness area to another. Section 5.2 Summary – pages 121-125

Section 5.2 Summary – pages 121-125 Working with people Parks and protected areas usually hire people, such as rangers, to manage the parks and ensure the protection of organisms. Section 5.2 Summary – pages 121-125

Section 5.2 Summary – pages 121-125 Working with people The philosophy of sustainable use strives to enable people to use natural resources in ways that will benefit them and maintain the ecosystem. Section 5.2 Summary – pages 121-125

Section 5.2 Summary – pages 121-125 Reintroduction and species preservation programs Reintroduction programs release organisms into an area where the species once lived. The most successful reintroductions occur when organisms are taken from an area in the wild and transported to a new suitable habitat. Section 5.2 Summary – pages 121-125

Section 5.2 Summary – pages 121-125 Captivity Some species no longer exist in the wild, but a small number of individual organisms is maintained by humans. An organism that is held by people is said to be in captivity. Section 5.2 Summary – pages 121-125

Section 5.2 Summary – pages 121-125 Protecting plant species The ideal way to protect a plant species is to allow it to exist in a natural ecosystem. But seeds can be cooled and stored for long periods of time. By establishing seed banks for threatened and endangered plants, the species can be reintroduced if they become extinct. Section 5.2 Summary – pages 121-125

Section 5.2 Summary – pages 121-125 Protecting plant species Reintroductions of captive animals are more difficult than for plants. Animals kept in captivity may lose the necessary behaviors to survive and reproduce in the wild. Section 5.2 Summary – pages 121-125

Question 1 Which of the following is a natural resource? A. habitat fencing B. air C. acid precipitation D. species reintroduction Section 2 Check

The answer is B. Natural resources are parts of the environment that are useful to living organisms. Human activities and consumption of natural resources can have a negative effect on Earth's ecosystem. Section 2 Check

Question 2 Which of the following is a habitat corridor? A. squirrel nest left untouched by a tree trimmer B. chipmunk tunnel in a homeowner's yard C. fenced off panther crossing near a highway D. walking trail leading from a nature center to a parking lot Section 2 Check

The answer is C. Habitat corridors are protected and allow movement from one wilderness area to another. Section 2 Check

Question 3 Why are reintroduction programs more difficult to complete for animals than for plants? Section 2 Check

Keeping animals in captivity before reintroduction is expensive Keeping animals in captivity before reintroduction is expensive. They require space, care, and proper food. The animals may lose those behaviors needed for survival and reproduction in the wild. Section 2 Check

Vanishing Species Biodiversity refers to the variety of life in an area. The most common measure of biodiversity is the number of species in an area. Maintaining biodiversity is important because if a species is lost from an ecosystem, the loss may have consequences for other species in the same area, including humans. Chapter Summary – 5.1

Vanishing Species Extinctions occur when the last members of species die. Habitat loss, fragmentation, and degradation have accelerated the rate of extinctions. Exotic species, introduced on purpose or by accident, upset the normal ecological balance in a given area because there are no natural competitors or predators in that area to keep their growth in check. Chapter Summary – 5.1

Conservation of Biodiversity Conservation biology is the study and implementation of methods to preserve Earth’s biodiversity. In 1973, the Endangered Species Act was signed into law in response to concerns about species extinction. The law protects species on the endangered and threatened species lists in an effort to prevent their extinction. Chapter Summary – 5.2

Conservation of Biodiversity Larger protected areas generally have greater biodiversity than smaller protected areas. Animal reintroduction programs have been more successful when the reintroduced organisms come from the wild rather than from captivity. Chapter Summary – 5.2

Question 1 Sustainable use benefits __________ in a particular ecosystem. A. people who reside B. threatened species C. habitats D. all of the above Chapter Assessment

The answer is D. The philosophy of sustainable use enables people to use natural resources in ways that will benefit them and yet maintain the ecosystem. Chapter Assessment

Question 2 Separation of wilderness into smaller parts is habitat __________. A. diversity B. fragmentation C. corridor D. degradation Chapter Assessment

The answer is B. Habitat fragmentation occurs when wilderness areas are separated from other wilderness areas. It has been found to contribute to changes in overall biodiversity and disruption of ecological processes. Chapter Assessment

Question 3 Which of the following is an example of habitat fragmentation? A. a new road constructed through a forest to connect its edges B. acid precipitation causing tree damage C. fertilizer in runoff polluting streams D. unintentional introduction of Zebra mussels into the Great Lakes Chapter Assessment

The answer is A. Habitat fragmentation results in areas of wilderness being separated from other wilderness areas. Pollution causes habitat degradation. Chapter Assessment

Question 4 Describe the difference between an endangered species and a threatened species. Chapter Assessment

An endangered species is one whose numbers are so low extinction is possible. A threatened species is one that is likely to become endangered. Endangered Extinct Chapter Assessment

Question 5 The release of captive organisms into areas where they once lived is species __________. A. fragmentation B. degradation C. reintroduction D. conservation Chapter Assessment

The answer is C. Reintroduction Chapter Assessment

Question 6 What do acid precipitation and excess fertilizer in runoff have in common? Chapter Assessment

Both can cause habitat degradation Both can cause habitat degradation. Acid precipitation resulting from air pollution can leach nutrients from soil as well as damage plant tissues. Excess fertilizer in runoff is water pollution and can cause death in aquatic organisms. Chapter Assessment

Question 7 A study of the biodiversity of a group of islands is conducted in which all existing species except for trees are removed. Which island is most likely to be recolonized first? A. the island that is 100 m from the mainland B. the island that is 1000 m from the mainland C. the island that is 2 km from the mainland D. the island that is 10 km from the mainland Chapter Assessment

The answer is A. In a similar experiment conducted in the 1960s, scientists observed that the farther away the island was from the mainland, the longer it took for the island to be recolonized. Chapter Assessment

Ohio Department of Natural Resources PhotoDisc Pfizer Inc. Alton Biggs Photo Credits Columbus Zoo Corbis  Digital Stock National Park Service Ohio Department of Natural Resources PhotoDisc Pfizer Inc. Alton Biggs Photo Credits

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