investigate quantities using the work-energy theorem In this presentation you will: F d m Work-Energy Theorem Next >

Many words used in everyday conversation have very precise meanings in physics. Next > Introduction When you think of work, you may think of going to a place of work, or working hard, or even something like a computer working. When you think of energy, you may think of how lively or tired you are. In physics, work and energy have very specific meanings. Work Energy Force

Next > What is work? Consider a force (F) acting on an object while it moves a distance (d). The object’s velocity will change; it will accelerate. Using the equations of motion, we can find the change in velocity. F d m d m vivi m vfvf Replacing a = F/m and multiplying both sides by m/2, we get: a = F/m vf2 vf2 – v i 2 = 2ad Fd = ½mv f 2 – ½mv i 2

Next > Fd = ½mv f 2 – ½mv i 2 The left side of the equation is the work done on the system. F d m vivi m vfvf So: In physics, work has a precise definition: Work is the product of force × distance. Work = F × d W = ½mv f 2 – ½mv i 2 What is work?

Next > Energy W = ½mv f 2 – ½mv i 2 The right side of the equation describes the change in quantity before and after the force acts. This quantity is known as energy and as it is the energy of a moving body, kinetic energy. The quantity depends on the mass and the velocity of the object. KE = ½mv 2 So: W = KE f – KE i F d m vivi m vfvf

Next > Work-Energy Theorem Work is equal to the change in kinetic energy. W = ΔKE The units of work and energy are the joule (J), named after the physicist James Joule, who discovered the relationship. 1 J = 1 Nm (Fd) = 1 kgm 2 /s 2 (½mv 2 ) In physics, the Δ symbol is used to represent a change in something. F d m vivi m vfvf

Next > Calculating Work Work is calculated using the equation: W = Fd = 10 × = 100 J A force of 10 N is used to move an object over a distance of 10 m. How much work is done? F d m Work = 100 J W = Fd

How much work is done when a force of 25 N is used to move an object a distance of 5 m? Give your answer as a number in J. Question 1 Next >

W = F × d = 25 × 5 = 125 J Work = 125 J 125 (J) Next > Question 1 How much work is done when a force of 25 N is used to move an object a distance of 5 m? Give your answer as a number in J.

F d m FfFf Next > Friction Force In the real world, friction tends to act on a moving body to slow it down. Now we have a friction force (F f ) acting in the opposite direction. F f acts in the opposite direction, so it does negative work. W = (F – F f )d If the friction force Ff Ff was the only force acting on the object when it is in motion, the object would slow down, and its kinetic energy would be reduced. W = (0 - F f )d = - F f d d m FfFf

An object is in motion. A friction force of 10 N acts on it over a distance of 10 m. How much work is done on the object? Give your answer as a number in J. Question 2 Next >

W = -F f × d = -10 × 10 = -100 J Work = -100 J -100 (J) Next > Question 2 An object is in motion. A friction force of 10 N acts on it over a distance of 10 m. How much work is done on the object? Give your answer as a number in J.

An object is in motion. A friction force of 10 N acts on it over a distance of 10 m. What is its change in kinetic energy? Give your answer as a number in J. Question 3 Next >

W = -F f × d = -10 × 10 = -100 J Work = -100 J Work = ΔKE ΔKE = -100 J -100 (J) Next > Question 3 An object is in motion. A friction force of 10 N acts on it over a distance of 10 m. What is its change in kinetic energy? Give your answer as a number in J.

A force of 100 N is used to move an object over a distance of 10 m. A friction force of 10 N is acting on the object to slow it down. What is the work done? Give your answer as a number in J. Question 4 Next >

W = (F-F f ) × d = (100 – 10) × 10 = 900 J Work = 900 J 900 (J) Next > Question 4 A force of 100 N is used to move an object over a distance of 10 m. A friction force of 10 N is acting on the object to slow it down. What is the work done? Give your answer as a number in J.

Question 5 A moving object has a kinetic energy of 100 J. A force of 30 N is applied to the object in the same direction as its travel over a distance of 10 m. What is the total kinetic energy after 10 m? Give your answer as a number in J. Next >

W = F × d = 30 × 10 = 300 J Work = 300 J Work = ΔKE ΔKE = 300 J Total KE = = 400 J 400 (J) Next > Question 5 A moving object has a kinetic energy of 100 J. A force of 30 N is applied to the object in the same direction as its travel over a distance of 10 m. What is the total kinetic energy after 10 m? Give your answer as a number in J.

Next > Force at an Angle To calculate force applied at an angle, the force is split into x and y components. Fx Fx = F cosθ F d m θ F FxFx FyFy The F y component acts at right angles to the direction of displacement so no work is done. Only the component of the force that acts in the direction of the displacement is used. So, W = Fd cosθ Enrichment

Next > Force at an Angle F d m θ F FxFx FyFy For example, if the force of 10 N is acting at an angle of 30° over a distance of 10 m: W = Fd cosθ W = 10 × × cos30° J W = 86.6 J Enrichment

Work is an energy transfer calculated by the product of a force and distance. W = F × d In this presentation you have seen: End > Summary The kinetic energy of a moving body is related to its mass and velocity. KE = ½mv 2 The work-energy theorem relates work and energy. W = ΔKE